5. The probable extinction of the ivory-billed woodpecker was mainly driven by______.
(A)genetic drift
(B) climate change
(C) habitat destruction
(D)introduced species
(E)direct exploitation

1. What substance could be expected to accumulate in soil as a result of increased acid rain? (A)Ammonia. (B) Sodium. (C) Oxygen. (D)Calcium. (E)Iron.

2. Which one is the best answer that how do corals react when sea water temperatures are too high? (A)They reproduce in large numbers. (B) They slow down their shell-building processes. (C) They migrate to areas with lower water temperatures. (D)They expel their symbiotic algae. (E)They produce more pigment.

3. Which one of the following is the best example of a +/- interaction? (A)Competition. (B) Predation. (C) Commensalism. (D)Mutualism. (E)Parasitism.

4. Metagenomics is a new research field that offers a DNA-based approach to understand ______. (A)the history of species diversity (B) the Shannon Diversity Index (C) the organismic model of communities (D)microbial stability (E)microbial diversity

6. Living organisms can be used to detoxify aquatic ecosystems after an oil spill, a technique known as___. (A)rehabilitation (B) restoration (C) replacement (D)bioremediation (E)nutrient cycling 

7. Albinism in most animals is an epistatic trait characterized by a lack of melanin pigment in the eyes, skin, and hair. If the allele for albinism is “a”, the allele for brown coat color is “B”, and the allele for red coat color is “b”. Which one of the following could be the most possible result in an albino cow? (A)Aabb. (B) aaBB. (C) aabb. (D)AaBb. (E)aaBB and aabb.

8. The Y substance is needed for the proper phenotypic expression of the A, B, and AB blood types in the ABO blood typing system in humans. Individuals who are recessive for the Y substance (yy) will have a type O phenotype, even if they have the A and/or B alleles. Two individuals, each with type AB blood and heterozygous at the H locus have children. What is the probability they will have a child who is phenotypically type O? (A)1/8. (B) 3/8. (C) 3/16. (D)4/16. (E)6/16.

9. Two molecules with identical molecular formulas but that have different structures are called _____. (A)isomers (B) polymers (C) carbohydrates (D)lipids (E)hydrocarbons

10. The_____ functional group can possibly provide covalent bond and then promote the tertiary structure of proteins? (A)NH2 (B) SH (C) PO4 (D)OH (E)COOH

11. If a specimen contains 30% adenine in its DNA then how much cytosine will there be_____. (A)15% (B) 20% (C) 30% (D)35% (E)60%