6. The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment most probably indicates which of the following?
(A) None of the traits obeyed the law of segregation.
(B) The formation of gametes in plants occurs by mitosis only.
(C) All of the genes controlling the traits were located on the same chromosome.
(D) All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were on different chromosomes.

2. Professor Jamey Marth at the University of California, Santa Barbara, identified 70 molecules that are used to build cellular macromolecules and structures. These include at least 34 saccharides, 8 nucleosides, and 20 amino acids. In theory, then, which class of biological polymer has the greatest information-coding capacity? (A) polysaccharides (B) proteins (C) DNA (D) RNA

3. Which of the following is true of the evolution of cell membranes? (A) An individual organism selects its preferred type of cell membrane for particular functions. (B) All components of membranes evolve in response to natural selection. (C) Cell membranes have stopped evolving now that they are fluid mosaics. (D) The evolution of cell membranes is driven by the evolution of glycoproteins and glycolipids.

4. Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life oil Earth? (A) Ancient prokaryotic cells, the most primitive of cells, made extensive use of glycolysis long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere. (B) The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-enclosed organelle. (C) Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. (D) Glycolysis neither uses nor needs 02

5. For a newly evolving protist, what would be the advantage of using eukaryote-like cell division rather than binary fission? (A) Cell division would be faster than binary fission. (B) Cell division would allow for the orderly and efficient segregation of multiple linear chromosomes. (C) Binary fission would not allow for the formation of new organisms. (D) Binary fission would not allow the organism to have complex cells.

7. Eukaryotic telomeres replicate differently than the rest of the chromosome. This is a consequence of which of the following? (A) the "no ends" of a circular chromosome (B) DNA polymerase that cannot replicate the leading strand template to its 5，end (C) gaps left at the 5' end of the lagging strand (D) gaps left at the 3' end of the lagging strand because of the need for a primer

8. The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From this, one can logically assume which of the following? (A) All organisms have experienced convergent evolution. (B) A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism. (C) Different organisms have different numbers of different types of amino acids. (D) The same codons in different organisms translate into the different amino acids.

9. Which of the following is the most probable fate of a newly emerging virus that causes high mortality in its host? (A) The newly emerging virus will die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less lethal. (B) It is able to spread to a large number of new hosts quickly because the new hosts have no immunological memory of them. (C) The new virus rep licates quickly and undergoes rapid adaptation to a series of divergent hosts. (D) A change in environmental conditions such as weather patterns quickly forces the new virus to invade new areas.

10. RNAi methodology uses double-stranded pieces of RNA to trigger a breakdown or blocking of mRNA. For which of the following might it more possibly be useful? (A) to decrease the production from a harmful gain-of-function mutated gene (B) to form a knockout organism that will not pass the deleted sequence to its progeny (C) to raise the concentration of a desired protein (D) to raise the rate of production of a needed digestive enzyme

11. A researcher is using adult stem cells and comparing them to other adult cells from the same tissue. Which of the following is a likely finding? (A) The cells from the two sources exhibit different patterns of DNA methylation. (B) The nonstem cells have fewer repressed genes. (C) The two kinds of cells have virtually identical gene expression patterns in microarrays. (D) Adult stem cells have more DNA nucleotides than their counterparts.

12. In order to determine the probable function of a particular sequence of DNA in humans, what might be the most reasonable approach? (A) Look for a reasonably identical sequence in another species, prepare a knockout of this sequence in that species, and look for the consequences. (B) Genetically engineer a mouse with a copy of this sequence and examine its phenotype. (C) Prepare a knockout mouse without a copy of this sequence and examine the mouse phenotype. (D) Prepare a genetically engineered bacterial culture with the sequence inserted and assess which new protein is synthesized.