10. RNAi methodology uses double-stranded pieces of RNA to trigger a breakdown or blocking of mRNA. For which of the following might it more possibly be useful?
(A) to decrease the production from a harmful gain-of-function mutated gene
(B) to form a knockout organism that will not pass the deleted sequence to its progeny
(C) to raise the concentration of a desired protein
(D) to raise the rate of production of a needed digestive enzyme

6. The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment most probably indicates which of the following? (A) None of the traits obeyed the law of segregation. (B) The formation of gametes in plants occurs by mitosis only. (C) All of the genes controlling the traits were located on the same chromosome. (D) All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were on different chromosomes.

7. Eukaryotic telomeres replicate differently than the rest of the chromosome. This is a consequence of which of the following? (A) the "no ends" of a circular chromosome (B) DNA polymerase that cannot replicate the leading strand template to its 5，end (C) gaps left at the 5' end of the lagging strand (D) gaps left at the 3' end of the lagging strand because of the need for a primer

8. The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From this, one can logically assume which of the following? (A) All organisms have experienced convergent evolution. (B) A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism. (C) Different organisms have different numbers of different types of amino acids. (D) The same codons in different organisms translate into the different amino acids.

9. Which of the following is the most probable fate of a newly emerging virus that causes high mortality in its host? (A) The newly emerging virus will die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less lethal. (B) It is able to spread to a large number of new hosts quickly because the new hosts have no immunological memory of them. (C) The new virus rep licates quickly and undergoes rapid adaptation to a series of divergent hosts. (D) A change in environmental conditions such as weather patterns quickly forces the new virus to invade new areas.

11. A researcher is using adult stem cells and comparing them to other adult cells from the same tissue. Which of the following is a likely finding? (A) The cells from the two sources exhibit different patterns of DNA methylation. (B) The nonstem cells have fewer repressed genes. (C) The two kinds of cells have virtually identical gene expression patterns in microarrays. (D) Adult stem cells have more DNA nucleotides than their counterparts.

12. In order to determine the probable function of a particular sequence of DNA in humans, what might be the most reasonable approach? (A) Look for a reasonably identical sequence in another species, prepare a knockout of this sequence in that species, and look for the consequences. (B) Genetically engineer a mouse with a copy of this sequence and examine its phenotype. (C) Prepare a knockout mouse without a copy of this sequence and examine the mouse phenotype. (D) Prepare a genetically engineered bacterial culture with the sequence inserted and assess which new protein is synthesized.

13. There are those who claim that the theory of evolution cannot be true because the apes, which are supposed to be closely related to humans, do not likewise share the same large brains, capacity for complicated speech, and tool-making capability. They reason that if these features are generally beneficial, then the apes should have evolved them as well. Which of these provides the best argument against this misconception? (A) Evolution can be influenced by environmental change. (B) Adaptations are often compromises. (C) A population's evolution is limited by historical constraints. (D) Advantageous alleies do not arise on demand.

14. Which of these observations gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells? (A) the size disparity between most prokaryotic cells and most eukaryotic cells (B) the observation that some eukaryotic cells lack mitochondria (C) the existence of structural and molecular differences between the plasma membranes of prokaryotes and the internal membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts (D) the similarity in size between the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts

15. Which of the following habitats would most likely have a high proportion of species of plants that are in symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria? (A) anoxic soils such as fens and bogs (B) agriculturally productive regions that have gone fallow (C) nutrient-limiting soils such as wet tropical rain forests (D) alpine coniferous forests

16. Which of the following statements regarding flowering plants is false? (A) Pollination is the placing of pollen on the stigma of a carpel. (B) The food-storing endosperm is derived from the cell that contains two polar nuclei and one sperm nucleus. (C) Flowers produce fruits within the ovules. (D) Female gametophytes develop from megaspores within the anthers.