6. About the respiration system, which of the following statement is TRUE?
(A) Alveoli is the place where gas exchange occurs
(B) In the capillaries of alveoll, CO₂ diffuses into the blood and O₂ diffuses into the air
(C)During inhalation, Iung volume increases as the rib muscle contracts and diaphragm m relaxes
(D) The breathing control center is located in the hypothalamus

2. Why helper T cells play a central role in the immune response? (A) Helper T cells are the only immune cell type that can produce immunological memory (B) Helper T cells can be activated through innate immune response by antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dentritic cells, setting stage for the adaptive immune response (C) Activated helper T cells release perforin that make pores in the target cell's membrane and enzymes promoting apoptosis leading to cell death (D) Activated helper 'T cells can produce antibodies

3. For the formation of vertebrate limb, which of the following statement is NOT TRUE? (A) Pattern formation is the process governing the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic 3-D space (B) Pattern formation requires each embryonic cell to receive some kind of positional information indicating location along three axes of the limb (C) The wings and legs of chicks begins with limb bud consisting of only ectoderm (D) The apical ectodermic ridge (AER) secrets FGF (fibroblast growth factor) that promotes distal-proximal limb bud outgrowth.

4. Which of the following statements about excretory system is NOT TRUE? (A) Nephron is the functional unit of kidney (B) The nephron consists of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus. Filtration occurs as blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman's capsule (C) Filtration of small molecules s passes through three regions of the nephron: the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal tubule, which are all permeable to salt but not to water (D) The controlled movement of ions (such as ) in the proximal and distal tubules contributes to constant pH in the body fluid

5. About the digestive system, which of the following statement is (A) Protein digestion occurs only in the stomach (B)Polysaccharides digest stion starts from small in intestine with enzymes from pancrease (C)Most digestion occ occurs in the duoden enum, where acid chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, liver, gallbla ladder, and the small intestine itself (D) Bile is made in the pancreas and stored in the gallbladder

7. Which of the following is a pair of antagonistic hormones that work against  each other to control appetite? (A) Insulin,glucagon (B) PTH, calcitonin (C) Leptin, ghrelin (D) Epinephrine, norepinephrine

8. Which of the following statement is TRUE about epinephrine? (A) It is secreted in respon onse to short term stre resses through a hormone cascade pathway (B)  It is secreted from adrena nal cortex and its main function is to mediate varlous fight-or-flight responses (C)Its secretioni n is only in response to life-threatening danger (D) Epinephrine is a hormone with a wide range of effects, because it can binds to different receptors in the same cell type, or It can binds to the same receptor located on different cell types

9. Which of the following parameter is NOT essential for the resolution of a microscope? (A) (A)Magnification(B)Imaging wavelength(C)Refractive index (D)Numerical aperture 

10. Thomas Hunt Morgan's choice of Drosop phila melanog gaster (fruit fy) has been proven to be useful even today. Which of the following character has continued to make it one of the most useful and powerful model organism ims in research? (A) They have compound eyes (B) They have large and transparent embryos that can be easily studied (C) They have short life cycle with large n number of offspring (D) They can be used to model almost all human diseases

11. About polysaccharides, which of the following statement is NOT (A) They are polymers formed by dehydration of glucose monomers (B) Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energ gy storage in animals (C) Chitin is a polysac saccharide found in the cell wall of many fungi and form ned exoskeleton of anthropods (D) Both starch and cellu lymers s formed by glycosidic bonds. Starch is formed by 1,4 linkage of glucose, whereas cellulose is formed by 1,6 linkage ofglucose

12. The main source of genetic variation among humans is (A) Gene flow (B) Genetie drift (C) The reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction (D) Environmental effects