8. The shaping of an animal and its individual parts into a body form with specialized organs and tissues is called
(A) induction.
(B) pattern formation.
(C) organogenesis.
(D) determination.
(E) differentiation.

1. What are the two classifications of prokaryotes? (A) Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea. (B) Domain Eukarya and Domain Archaea. (C) Domain Archaea and Kingdom Monera. (D) Domain Bacteria and Kingdom Monera. (E) Domain Bacteria and Domain Eukarya.

2. A linkage map (A) reflects the frequency of crossing over between X and Y sex chromosomes. (B) can pinpoint actual loci of genes. (C) is a genetic map based on recombination frequencies. (D) requires preparation of karyotypes. (E) always has a total of 100 map units.

3. The snowball Earth hypothesis provides a possible explanation for the (A) oxygenation of Earth's seas and atmosphere. (B) existence of hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. (C) diversification of animals start at the Precambrian era. (D) colonization of land by plants and fungi. (E) origin of O2-releasing photosynthesis.

4. As a group, acoelomates are characterized by (A) deuterostome development. (B) the absence of a brain. (C) a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm. (D) a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs. (E) the absence of mesoderm.

5. Diets rich in fat release enterogastrones that inhibit (A) gastric secretion. (B) stomach peristalsis. (C) esophageal peristalsis. (D) intestinal secretion. (E) pancreatic secretion.

6. If mammalian cells receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, they will (A) move directly into telophase. (B) exit the cycle and switch to a nondividing state. (C) complete the cycle and divide. (D) complete cytokinesis and form new cell walls. (E) show a drop in maturation-promoting factor (MPF) concentration.

7. Catastrophism was Cuvier's attempt to explain (A) natural selection. (B) uniformitarianism. (C) evolution. (D) the fossil record. (E) the origin of new species.

9. The first group with flowers was the (A) angiosperms. (B) algae. (C) fern allies. (D) ferns. (E) gymnosperms.

10. Which of the following is descriptive of protosomes? (A) spiral and indeterminate cleavage, schizocoelous development. (B) radial cleavage and determinate cleavage, schizocoelous development. (C) spiral and determinate cleavage, schizocoelous development. (D) radial and indeterminate cleavage, enterocoelous development. (E) radial cleavage and determinate cleavage, enterocoelous development.

11. Which of the following statements is correct? (A) Speciation occurs when mutations generate observable differences. (B) A species is composed of organisms located in the same habitat. (C) Speciation occurs when natural selection pressures reach their maximum. (D) A species is composed of a group of reproductive females. (E) Speciation occurs after populations become reproductively isolated and diverge.

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