a) (8pts) The ozone formation ion over the stratosphere is based on the Chapman mechanism. Please describe the four major reactions of the Chapman mechanism.

(a) (6 pts) Above the ground and near the surface layer, aerobic(有 氧) respiration is a major process. Please write the overall reaction for aerobic respiration and calculate AE°(w) (using CH2Oas the reactant).

(b)(10 pts) Below the surface (anoxic(缺氧)conditions), other respiration processes, such as denitrification, sulfate reduction, and methanogenesis, might become significant. Please write the overall reaction for denitrification and sulfate reduction, and calculate AE°(w), respectively.

(c) (12 pts) Given your listed rcactions above (in a&b), please estimate their Gibbs free energy yield per clectron (in the unit of kcal per electron), using △G0 = - zF△E°(w) (z is the number of electrons, F is Faraday's constant 23.06 1 kcal/volt). Compare their Gibbs free energy, and explain how this would control the oxidation/reduction sequence in the sediments with the observed profile shown in Figure A. 

(d)Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonium to nitrite, followed by the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate under aerobic conditions.  (i) (4 pts) Please write the nitrification net reaction with a reactant of amnonium and the final product as nitrate.  (ii) (8 pts) If global net primary productivity on land is g C/yr, and the average C/N ratio of plant biomass is 100, what is the upper limit (i.e., maximum estimate) of oxygen used every year in microbial nitrification?

b) (16 pts) The predicted [O3] profile based on steady-state assumption overestimates theO3 concentrations by a factor of 2 or more as shown in Figure 1-1 due to the missing sinks for O3, i.e., HOx, NOx and ClOx with the following propagation reactions: X is a catalyst such as OH, NO, and Cl Please describe what the initial chemical con mponents associated with HOx, NOx, and ClOx, and where they come from, and how the initial HOx, NOx, and ClOx are formed (the initiation step for radical formation).(明確描述在平流層産生HOx,NOxand CIOX的最原始物質及其來源為何,這些原始物質如何進到或出現在平流層,如何初步產生 HOx, NOx, and ClOx).

c) (12 pts) In the troposphere, ozone can be transported from stratosphere but is mainly produced by chemical reactions. Figure 1-2 shows the cyeling of HOx and O3; production in a polluted atmosphere. Please describe in detail how the ozone is formed in the troposphere (you can use CO or CH4 as an example to illustrate the processes).

(a) (4 pts) Please calculate the total amount of rain over the whole Taiwan per day (in a unit of liter ).

(b) (6 pts) Please calculate the concentration of HNO; and H2SO4, in the rain, respectively (in a unit of M, 體積莫爾濃度).

(C) (4 pts) please calculate the resulting rainwater pH (assun ming equilibrium with H2SO4, and HNO3, H2SO4 and HNO3; are strong acids and dissociate completely).

(a) (5 pts) Write down the equilibrium reactions of the dissolution processes, including Henry's equilibrium, the first dissociation, and the second dissociation.