(3) In addition, antibodies have various applications. Please list and describe two techniques using antibodies.

(1) Which amino acid residue forms the disulfide bond?

(2) What kind of the reagent can break the disulfide bond?

2. What is the "specific activity" of the enzyme? Please describe it.

3. (1) Which amino acid residue is often found in the active sites of enzymes?

(2) In addition, please draw the amino acid and describe the characteristics of the amino acid residue.

4. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 was awarded jointly to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability."When oxygen is limited, hypoxic stress triggers the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) protein in mammalian tissues. Briefly describe the function of HIF-1 and how it affects the rate of glycolysis under hypoxia.

5. The transformation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is a major energy production process. Pleases fill the blanks in the summary table of cell respiration below.

7.Compare microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in terms of their origin, function and effector complex. 

6.Outline the general structure of the nucleosome. What experimental evidence supports this model? 

5.How was the lamb 'Dolly' cloned? Describe the technique used. 

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