(a) At any point (x
0, y
0, z
0) in the domain of a scalar function V(x, y, z), we take a path ae along
V= c, where c is a constant, or take a path an along ∇V. Tell me about the main characteristic(主要
特徴) of these two paths a: and an, and also what is

, the dot product of at and a
n?