申論題

一、請將下列兩段英文翻譯成中文 Part I (30 points) Researchers associated with the international motor vehicle industry first identified the “lean manufacturing” paradigm, which is a philosophy intended to significantly reduce cost and cycle time throughout the entire value chain while continuing to improve product performance. Airlines, like the automotive industry, strive for leanness, because being lean means being competitive by eliminating the non-value added practices. The implementation of complex lean initiatives is critical for quality improvement and survival. In order to compete in this new economy companies must have: (1) quality beyond the competition； (2) technology before the competition； and (3) costs below the competition (Gregory Watson, 1993). In other words, many companies must strive to be better, faster, and cheaper than their competitors. These are some of the characteristics of a “lean” enterprise. (Adopted from Less is More: The Concept of a “Lean” Airline by Dennis F.X. Mathaisel and Clare L. Comm.)