申論題

一、Please translate the following two paragraphs into Chinese. Ships sailing in narrow waters entails increased risks of collision or grounding. Therefore, prior to commencing a passage in such waters, a risk analysis should be carried out as part of the safety management system to ensure that back-up systems are always available.（14 分） When navigating in confined waters, it is essential to maintain a sharp visual lookout with frequent visits to the bridge wings on both sides of the ship. It is forbidden to overtake in narrow and confined waters as well as all precautionary areas. When the captain or the pilot is in doubt about the navigational intentions of the other ships in vicinity, a warning whistle signal of 5 short blasts shall be made considering navigation safety.（16 分）