四、何謂道德發展(moral development)？請以柯柏格(Lawrence Kohlberg)之道德發展理論為例，試述其與專業諮商心理師生涯發展間之關係。(25%)

V. Short Essay Writing        The government has launched the Bilingual 2030 policy precisely to boost the competitiveness of Taiwan's young generation to enable the next generation to enjoy better job and salary opportunities. Building on our advantage as a Mandarin-speaking nation and on top of professional knowledge, this policy is expected to further strengthen English communication skills of the citizens, especially among young people, and to help bolster their global competitiveness.        To achieve this overarching policy goal, the National Development Council and the Ministry of Education follow the instructions of the President and the Prime Minister to coordinate all available resources to of related ministries/commissions to actively implement the Bilingual 2030 policy. The following six goals will be the main focuses: accelerating the development of bilingual higher education； balancing and optimizing bilingual conditions for schools at the senior high school level and below； developing digital learning；expanding provision of affordable English proficiency test； raising civil servants' English proficiency； and establishing an administrative body dedicated to policy promotion and implementation. These joint efforts will elevate the overall efficacy of the policy, and Taiwan's next generation will be equipped with better international competitiveness by adding bilingual capabilities on to their professional expertise.

一、試比較慎思式(elaboration-likelihood model)與捷徑式(heuristic processing model)態度形成方式的差異，及其態度改變的可能途徑有否不同？(25%)

二、試說明團體思維(groupthink)的現象、形成條件及預防團體思維出現的方法。(25%)

三、何謂意識(consciousness)？請針對意識的不同層面及其與心理治療之關係加以說明。(25%)

(一)請就下列數值，求 Cxy 及 SSres(當 CP=24，SSx=40 時) 為多少？( 12％)

(二)依上題資料，求 X 數列的相對差異係數( CV)值為多少？( 7％)

( 三) 小傑在魏氏成人智力測驗某分測驗的 T 分數為 60，試問其在該分測驗的標準分數是多少？(6％)

(一)某生在大學學科能力測驗英文的成績為 70 級分，此分數的 PR=81，試問此分數在標準九及五等分法上各為第幾等？( 10％)

(二)肯德爾和諧係數( W)與 Kappa 一致性係數在用途上有何不同？ 請舉例說明。( 5％)

(三)當一個研究假設的對立假設 H1：μ1＞μ2 ，且 α＝﹒05 時，如為單側考驗其拒絕區在常態分配中居於何處？又當 H1：μ1≠μ2，且 α＝﹒05 時，如為雙側考驗其拒絕區在常態分配中又居於何處？請分別以常態分配圖繪出並加清楚的標示。( 10％)