2. How do we know that mRNAs are read in the 5'→ 3' direction? 

二、問答題1. Draw a diagram of the scanning model of translation initiation. Present evidence that a scanning ribosome can bypass an AUG and initiate at a downstream AUG. 

三、翻譯題The template strand of the DNA is copied during transcription, and its sequence is the complement of the RNA transcript. The coding strand of the DNA has the same sequence as the RNA transcript (except for T in the DNA and U in the RNA). Hence, for example, the start codon for transcription is 5'-ATG in the coding strand of the DNA and 5'-AUG in the mRNA. By convention, gene, promoter, and regulatory sequences in DNA are written as they appear in the coding strand. 

b. During mismatch repair, how does the enzyme know which stand to cut? (2 points)

45. Please explain the Wobble concept. (3 points)

44. Please describe the positive and negative regulation of lac operon, including the terms of repressor, operator, inducer, and cAMP. (3 points)

43. Please distinguish the terms of knock in, knock out and knock down. (4 points)

42. a. Please describe the molecular process of DNA mismatch repair in E. coli. (3 points)

41. Please describe the molecular mechanism of the initiation process during E. coli DNA replication. (5 points)

40. List at least two functions for the polyadenylation (polyA) structure of mRNA.

39. The proteins that prevent from the association of two subunits of ribosome in large subunit and small subunit in eukaryote, respectively.

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