3) What class of hormones are Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine? (2%)
(a) Eicosanoid
(b) Peptide hormones
(c) Steroid
(d) Catecholamine

2. A graduate student is trying to separate protein S from other proteins in a solution. The proteins have the following properties: Please devise effective methods for getting pure protein S. (6%)

3. A graduate student is attempting to extract plasmid DNA from E. coli. Please devise a suitable strategy for plasmid isolation, purification and validation. (7%)

1)What is the common molecule that these 5 hormones may be derived from? (2%)

2) Please select the correct descriptions that can apply to the receptor of T4 and T3. (3%) (a) After binding to T4, the receptors of T4 dimerize (b) After binding to T4, the receptors of T4 degrade immediately (c) After binding to T4, the receptors of T4 bind to DNA (d) After binding to T4, the receptors of T4 autophosphorylate itself (e) After binding to T4, the receptors of T4 are localized to the nucleus (f) After binding to T4, the receptors of T4 remain on the plasma membrane

4 ) Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders are dopamine antagonists. Dopamine antagonists (select the correct descriptions that apply): (3%) (a) are drugs that bind to Dopamine receptors (b) do not activate Dopamine receptors (c) do activate Dopamine receptors (d) can block the actions of dopamine (e) can trigger similar actions as dopamine (f) has a greater Kd to the receptor than Dopamine

5 ) When Dopamine signals to Dopamine receptors D1/D2 complex, Phospholipase C is activated. What are the downstream second messengers of GPCR-Phospholipase C (PLC)? (2%) (a) NO and cGMP, and calcium (b) IP3, DAG, and calcium (c) protein kinase C (PKC) (d) cAMP and calcium

6) Ca2+ is an important second messenger in many signaling pathways. Please describe how the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration may promote the maturation and release of Insulin in beta cells. (4%)

5. In which direction along the template must the RNA polymerase in Figure below be moving to have generated the supercoiled structures that are shown? Would you expect supercoils to be generated if the RNA polymerase were free to rotate about the axis of the DNA as it progressed along the template? (4%)

6. Why is the drug azidothymidine (AZT) block the growth of the AIDS virus HIV. (2%)

1) How does this phage replicate its DNA?