4. Frame shift mutation

1. Transcription start site

2. Alternative splicing

3. DNA dependent RNA polymerase

5. Reverse transcriptase

三、翻譯題   One of the most difficult and interesting mysteries surrounding the origin of life is exactly how the genetic material could have formed starting from simpler molecules present on the early earth. Judging from the roles that RNA has in modern cells, it seems likely that RNA appeared before DNA. When modern cells make proteins, they first copy genes from DNA into RNA and then use the RNA as a blueprint to make proteins. This last stage could have existed independently at first. Later on, DNA could have appeared as a more permanent form of storage, thanks to its superior chemical stability. 

4. How is the enormous diversity of immunoglobulin molecules generated, enabling the production of antibodies against an almost unlimited range of antigens?

3. Explain the key biochemical features of ferroptosis and how it differs from other forms of regulated cell death, such as apoptosis and necroptosis.

2. Please describe the intracellular proteolytic cascade involved in apoptosis, mediated by caspases.

簡答題 1. Provide two examples illustrating the mechanisms of immune checkpoints.

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