4.Explain the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, and describe how this model accounts for structural changes in the
sarcomere during muscle contraction and relaxation. (5pt)

[1pt each] 8. Please choose the best term from the following list for questions 8.1 to 8.4: (A) Apoplastic route 8) Casparian strip/ Endodermis barrier (C) Cortex (D) Phloem (E) Plasmodesmata F) Symplastic route G Transmembrane route H) Xylem 8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

I. True/False Questions (5%) ※ 注意:請於試卷內之「非選擇題作答區」標明題號依序作答。 [1pt] 13. Plants lack a nervous system; therefore, long-distance signal transmission is impossible in plants.

[1pt] 14. Most mature xylem vessels are dead cells, yet they can still transport water.

[1pt] 15. Plant phototropism mainly results from stronger photosynthesis on the illuminated side, causing that side to grow faster.

[1pt] 16. In most cases, stomatal opening and closing are determined by osmotic regulation and turgor pressure changes in guard cells.

[1pt] 17. Plant organ morphogenesis mainly depends on the orientation of cell division and cell elongation, rather than cell migration.

II. Short Answer Questions ※ 注意:請於試卷內之「非選擇題作答區」依序作答 The figure (Figure 1 in Inoue et al., 2001) shows tissue culture responses across a matrix of auxin (NA(A) and cytokinin (kinetin) concentrations for (a) wild type and (b) a mutant. In wild type, increasing kinetin promotes shoot formation, whereas the mutant shows a strongly altered response to kinetin. [3pt] 18. Which receptor/signaling pathway is the mutant most likely defective in?

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