48. Which of the following descriptions about human metabolism is    correct   ?

(1) The Cori cycle is the synthesis of alanine from pyruvate in skeletal muscle and the synthesis of pyruvate from alanine in liver.

(2) Glucokinase in the liver acts in the conversion of liver glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate.

(3) The largest energy store in a well-nourished human is liver glycogen.

(4) Among its numerous metabolic effects, the protein leptin makes muscle and liver cells more sensitive to insulin.

(5) The hormone insulin decreases appetite.
(A) 1 and 4.
(B) 2 and 5.
(C) 1 and 3.
(D) 4 and 5.
(E) 4 only.

44. Which of the following sequences is required in an expression vector (for use with E. coli) that is     not     essential in a general cloning plasmid? (1) replication origin (2) a bacterial promoter and its associated operator (3) a ribosomal binding site (4) a transcription termination sequence (5) antibiotic resistance gene (A) 1 and 2. (B) 2, 4, and 5. (C) 2, 3, and 4. (D) 2 and 4. (E) 2 only.

45. Many important neurotransmitters are primary or secondary amines, derived from amino acids through decarboxylation. For example, glutamate decarboxylation gives rise to y-aminobutyrate (GABA). These amino acid decarboxylation reactions require the coenzyme: (A) pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). (B) biotin. (C) . (D) tetrahydrofolate. (E) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).

46. The enzymes having the prosthetic group of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) participate in a variety of reactions at the a carbons of amino acids. These reactions include: (1) racemization (2) decarboxylation (3) transmination (4) methylation (5) acetylation (A) 3 and 4. (B) 1, 2, and 3. (C) 3 and 5. (D) 1 and 3. (E) 3 only.

47. Serine can be converted directly into pyruvate. The reaction, catalyzed by serine dehydratase, requires the coenzyme: (A) pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). (B) biotin. (C) . (D) tetrahydrofolate. (E) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).

49. The enzyme telomerase uses mechanisms that involve: (A) repeating sequences at the telomeres. (B) having RNA oligonucleotides to act as templates as part of the enzyme. (C) allowing the end of the chromosome to get a little shorter each time a cell divides. (D) both repeating sequences at the end of chromosomes and RNA oligonucleotides to act as templates as part of the enzyme. (E) All of the above.

50. To study the function of the essential cytosolic Hsc70 genes in yeast, researchers constructed a shuttle vector in which a copy of the Hsc70 gene was ligated to the GAL1 promoter. The vector was then introduced into haploid yeast cells in which all four copies of the Hsc70 genes had been disrupted. Following introduction of the vector, you would expect that: (A) the yeast cells would grow on both glucose and galactose media. (B) the yeast cells would grow on glucose but not galactose medium. (C) the yeast cells would grow on galactose but not glucose medium. (D) on transfer to either glucose or galactose medium, the vector-carrying cells would eventually stop growing because of insufficient Hsc70 activity. (E) None of the above.

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