複選題
61. Which of the following statements about eukaryotic transcription is FALSE?
(A) Transcription factors bind on the TATA box of promoters.
(B) RNA polymerase II unwinds the double strand DNA and synthesis mRNAs.
(C) MyoD is a transcription factor committing cells into skeletal muscle.
(D) The direct binding of enhancer with the promoter increases the rate of gene expression.
(E) The start point is the nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins. .

57. What is the order of the nephron? 1. Thick segment of ascending limb. 2. Distal tubule. 3. Descending limb. 4. Glomerulus. 5. Thin segment of ascending limb. 6. Collecting duct. 7. Proximal tubule. (A) 4 → 2 → 3 → 5 → 1 → 7 → 6 (B) 4 → 7 → 3 → 5 → 1 → 2 → 6 (C) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 → 5 → 7 → 6 (D) 4 → 7 → 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 6 (E) 4 → 2 → 7 → 1 → 5 → 3 → 6

58. Which of the following statements about the regulation of skeletal muscle contraction is FALSE? (A) Acetylcholine releases and triggers an action potential in muscle fiber. (B) Action potential is propagated along plasma membrane and down T tubules. (C) Action potential triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). (D) Ca2+ bind to tropomyosin and release myosin-binding sites to initiate muscle contraction. (E) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease of muscle fibers atrophy caused by motor neuron degeneration.

59. Which of the following statements about skeleton is FALSE? (A) Nematodes use hydrostatic skeleton to move. (B) The exoskeletons of insect contain chitin. (C) The osteoblasts are bone-building cells. (D) The osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells. (E) The joint between the head of ulna and the humerus is a pivot joint.

60. Which of the following statements about plant hormones is FALSE? (A) Auxin (IAA) is produced by shoot apical meristems to stimulate stem elongation. (B) Cytokinins are synthesized in roots to regulate cell division. (C) Gibberellins (GA) are produced by meristems of apical buds to stimulate pollen development. (D) Ethylene can be produced by most parts of the plant to promote ripening of fruits. (E) Jasmonates are derived from cartenoid regulate floral development. Ⅱ.

62. Which of the following statements about protist is FALSE? (A) Entamoeba histolytica moves by pseudopodia and causes intestinal illness. (B) Trypanosoma moves by flagella and causes sleeping sickness. (C) Plasmodium moves by cilia and causes malaria. (D) Paramecium moves by cilia and the genetic variation results from conjugation. (E) Trichomonas moves by flagella and causes sexually transmitted disease.

63. Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) The hilum was observed in the starch grains of potato under microscope. (B) The liver cells of pig may contain more than one nucleus. (C) The shape of pigment cells in the fish scale is irregular. (D) The fat cells stained by Sudan dye turned into blue color. (E) The composition of crystals in the plants can be CaCO3 or Calcium oxalate.

64. Which of the following statements about RNA interference (RNAi) is FALSE? (A) MicroRNAs (miRNAs) or short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) interfere with the proper expression of mRNAs. (B) Single-stranded pre-siRNA is cut by dicer and release typically 22bp RNA. (C) Single-stranded siRNA associates with RISC protein and bind to target mRNA. (D) High complementarity of siRNA and target mRNA result in mRNA degradation or translation inhibition. (E) Low complementarity of siRNA and target mRNA result in mRNA degradation or translation inhibition.

65. Which of the following coding region of a mRNA can encode a peptide and end at stop codon? (A) 5’ ACGAUAAACUGAUCUAUUAG 3’ (B) 5’ CACAUAUGAAAGACACCCUAA 3’ (C) 5’ AAUAGCCAGUAGGCCGCUAG 3’ (D) 5’ ACUUAGCGAACUCCACAAUG 3’ (E) 5’ GGGACAUGCCCAGAUGACAC 3’

66. A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these explanations best explains what happened? (A) The herbicide company lost its triazine formula and started selling poor-quality triazine. (B) Triazine-resistant pigweed has less-efficient photosynthesis metabolism. (C) Natural selection caused the pigweed to mutate, creating a new triazine-resistant species. (D) Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce. (E) Disruptive selection caused the pigweed to produce a new triazine-resistant species.

67. You enjoy learning about history by traveling throughout North America studying gravestones. You notice that gravestones from 1900 and earlier usually host many types of lichens. But in one cemetery, lichens are entirely absent, even from old gravestones. Given what is known about lichens, the cemetery without lichens probably ______. (A) has an unusually dry climate (B) is subject to extremely cold winter temperatures (C) gets a great deal of rain, which favors the growth of competing bacteria (D) has a high population of fungi that parasitize lichens (E) is close to a source of air pollution