100.江教授認為我們可以從測驗分數在常態分配曲線上所佔面積，很精確的推算出身心障礙學生的出現率。江教授的論點較接近何種觀點？
(A) 法律觀
(B) 社會觀
(C) 缺陷觀
(D) 文化觀

Disabilities are considered in 3 ways: deficit perspective, cultural perspective and sociological perspective.

 The deficit perspective view expresses that behavior and characteristics shared by people are distributed along a continuum. A normal or bell-shaped(鐘形曲線，常態分布) curve is a construct of the typical distribution of human traits, such as intelligence and visual acuity. Most people fall in the middle and are called “average.” The problem with this approach is that disabled children are already being put at a disadvantage; they are already looked at as being less then the typical student.

 Cultural perspective is the second way to think about disabilities. America is a melting pot, filled with different cultures and values that may differ from mainstream thoughts. It is very important for teachers to understand that some may not think of disabilities as quantitative. The family of a child you are working with may not share your understanding of a disability. Also, they might not share a common belief of what causes a disability. While we may consider disabilities as a result of biology and a developing baby, another culture may feel it was bad luck or evil spirits.(文化觀點認為，障礙是因為跟同文化相較的結果)

 The third way is sociological perspective. It focuses on how society treats individuals and how that makes people different from each other. If behavior toward people changes, then the result of being a member of a group will change. What makes a disability is how we treat individuals we think of as different. Some feel that separation by disability and race are needed to maintain class structure. Others feel that disabilities are real and not constructed through society.(社會觀點認為，障礙是社會上的人群對待障礙個體的造成結果)

資料來源：https://sites.google.com/site/touronpatti/introduction-to-teaching-students-with-disabilities/disability-vs-handicapped 

10. 林先生是學校心理師，他相信在學校中障礙(disability)出現率，可以透過測驗的常態分配曲 線正確的預測，請問林先生是相信哪一種障礙的觀點?
(A)缺陷的觀點(deficit perspective)
(B)文化觀點(cultural perspective)
(C)社會心理的觀點( sociological perspective)
(D) 法律的觀點( legal perspective)