11. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 藥物之作用當中，下列何者具有 vasodilatation、降低水分滯留及增加利尿效果之效用？
(A) PGI2
(B) PGD2
(C) PGE2
(D) TXA2 (thromboxane A2)
(E) NO

7. A patient suffered from chronic low back pain with radiating to buttock, poster lateral thigh and lateral aspect of lower leg. Muscle weakness was observed in the extensor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior. Which lumbosacral root compression is the most likely? (A) L2 root compression (B) L3 root compression (C) L4 root compression (D) L5 root compression (E) S1 root compression

8. 一位 56 歲婦女經歷車禍，撞傷左側顏面產生骨折，左顏面術後兩年仍持續抱怨以下部位疼痛：skin of the tip and lateral aspect of the nose, intranasal mucosa, the infraorbital skin, intraoral maxillary mucosa, upper lip, upper teeth, the ear pinna and caudal head. 請問該婦女的神經痛 與何處神經較不相關？ (A) the ophthalmic (V1) division of the trigeminal nerve (B) the maxillary (V2) division of the trigeminal nerve (C) the mandibular (V3) division of the trigeminal nerve (D) upper cervical nerves (E) all

9. 此婦女抱怨吃東西就產生劇烈牙痛，但又說不出是哪幾顆牙齒痛，且疼痛可幅射到臉頰甚至 頸部，請問這可能是? (A) a feature of the trigeminal complex (B) referral of pain (C) the phenomenon of convergence onto a single central neuron receiving input from different primary afferents (D) widespread distribution of nociceptive input of the trigeminal complex (E) all

10. 此婦女的咀嚼動作併發劇烈牙痛，且痛到臉&頸部，請問以下何種解釋或併發現象是錯誤？ (A) 與 peripheral sensitization 相關 (B) 這是 trigeminal brain stem interneurons 誘發 peripheral sensitization 所致 (C) 與 central sensitization 相關 (D) 這是因為 trigeminal brain stem sensory nuclei 整合接受 nociceptive input from oral and craniofacial primary afferents (E) noxious stimulation mediated by trigeminal–parabrachial circuits 可能導致食慾喪失

12. 下列有關於 2015 年美國 FDA 對於 NSAID 之警語中，何者為非？ (A) Risk appears to increase with higher doses (B) NSAID use increase risk of heart failure (C) There is insufficient evidence to determine the risk of individual NSAIDs (D) NSAIDs use in patients with risk factors for heart disease does not increase the likelihood of heart attack or stroke (E) NSAIDs increase the risk of heart attack/stroke regardless of existing heart disease

13. 下列何者 opioids 及其活性代謝物之血漿半衰期(T1/2)最長？ (A) Morphine (B) Hydromorphone (C) Fentanyl (D) Nalbuphine (E) levophenol Meperidine 5%

14. 下列何者不適合用於 intrathecal route 治療 neuropathic pain 的第一線用藥？ (A) morphine (B) ziconotide (C) hydromorphine (D) baclofen

15. 有關局部麻醉藥，下列何處注射之後之系統性吸收最慢？ (A) intravenous (B) Intercostal (C) Caudal (D) Epidural (E) Sciatic

16. The criteria to classify a neuron as a nociceptor include (A) The presence or absence of axon myelination, cell size, and/or cell content (e.g., peptide or ion channel) as well as central termination pattern. (B) Sensory neurons commonly identified as nociceptors are those with unmyelinated (C-fiber) axons, small cell body diameters (＜20 or 25 μm), that terminate in the superficial layers of the spinal cord dorsal horn. (C) The presence or absence of certain markers (e.g., the tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant sodium channel NaV1.8, the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor TRPV1) have been used to identify subsets of nociceptors. stimuli, such as during prolonged application of opioids or on abrupt withdrawal of opioids.. (D) More recently, with the ability to analyze many genes expressed in a single cell, patterns of gene expression have been used to further define subpopulations of nociceptors. (E) All of the above.

17. Which one of the following statement is wrong? (A)The spinal cord and brainstem nuclei are home to second-order neurons, the first step of central nervous system (CNS) processing. (B) A proto-oncogene, c-fos, is activated after potentially tissue-damaging stimuli are applied to most tissues. (C) A systematic comparison study of Fos and pERK as markers of spinal nociceptive activation revealed greater specificity for activity in nociceptive pathways (vs. non-nociceptive activation) using Fos. (D) The spinal cord is segregated into areas that, on gross examination, appear as white and grey matter and consist of predominantly myelinated nerve fiber tracts and cell bodies, respectively. (E) Using Rexed’s cytoarchitecture-based classification system, there are at least 10 different layers or laminae of neurons—of which the first six (I to VI) are termed the dorsal horn of the spinal cord .