12. All of the following are primary functions of flowers EXCEPT:
(A) meiosis
(B) photosynthesis
(C) egg production
(D) pollen production
(E) sexual reproduction

8. The bulk of the reabsorption of useful materials by the kidney takes place in the ______. (A) loop of Henle (B) renal corpuscle (C) collecting ducts (D) distal convoluted tubule (E) proximal convoluted tubule

9. Increases in leptin levels will ______ appetite and ______ metabolic rate. (A) decrease, decrease (B) decrease, increase (C) increase, decrease (D) increase, increase (E) decrease, not change

10. Humans cannot survive at sea by drinking salt water. However, marine vertebrates such as sea turtles and various sea birds can survive by drinking salt water. What do they have that humans do not? (A) Salt glands. (B) They use ammonia as their primary nitrogenous waste. (C) Kidneys are extremely good at producing concentrated urine. (D) Body fluid concentrations are similar to or greater than those of seawater. (E) The ability to secrete salts and wastes into their intestinal contents like an insect. 

11. Otto Loewi performed an experiment in which he electrically stimulated the vagus nerve connected to one frog heart. Loewi also let the fluid bathing this first heart pass to a second chamber containing a second frog heart not connected to a nerve. What did Loewi observe? (A) There was no effect on the beating of either heart. (B) The first heart showed a decrease in beat rate and so did the second heart. (C) The first heart showed an increase in beat rate and so did the second heart. (D) The first heart showed a decrease in beat rate, but there was no change in the second heart. (E) The first heart showed an increase in beat rate, but there was no change in the second heart.

13. The series of metabolic events that occurs within tomato plants in response to wounding is ______. (A) a waterfall effect (B) the hypersensitive response (C) resistance to coevolution (D) a systemic response (E) a pathogen-specific response

14. The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ______. (A) flagellated protest (B) unicellular yeast (C) unicellular chytrid (D) multicellular algae (E) multicellular fungus

15. Fire suppression by humans: (A) can change the species composition within biological communities. (B) will always result in an increase in species diversity in a given biome. (C) is necessary for the protection of threatened and endangered forest species. (D) will result ultimately in sustainable production of increased amounts of forest products for human use. (E) is a management goal of conservation biologists to maintain the healthy condition of forest communities.

16. A person has his/her gall bladder removed and as a result: (A) can only eat liquid meals. (B) can only eat very small meals. (C) can only eat small amounts of fat. (D) can now eat as much fat as desired and not absorb it. (E) none of these choices are correct.

17. The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that: (A) most estrous cycles are of much longer duration compared to menstrual cycles. (B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles. (C) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles. (D) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation. (E) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body.

18. When light strikes the rod cell, it becomes ______ and glutamate release onto bipolar cells ______. (A) excited, increases (B) depolarized, increases (C) depolarized, decreases (D) hyperpolarized, increases (E) hyperpolarized, decreases