12. Given a log phase bacterial culture with 106 cells per ml and a generation time of 30 minutes, how long does it take the culture to reach a density of 6.4 x 10⁷ cells
(A) 1 hour
(B) 2 hours
(C) 3 hours
(D) 5 hours
(E) 6 hours per ml?

1. Which of the following is correct for a bacterium and its corresponding human disease? (A) Chlamydia trachomatis : peptic ulcer disease (B) Borrelia burgdorferi : Lyme disease (C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa : plague (D) Clostridium botulinum : typhoid (E) Vibrio alginolyticus : syphilis

2. Which of the following statement is cotrect for comparison of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya? (A) Both Bacteria and Eukarya are insensitive to kanamycin that interferes with protein synthesis. (B) Chemolithotrophy is present in Eukarya, but not in Bacteria and Archaea. (C) Methanogenesis is absent in Eukarya, but is present in Bacteria and Archaea. (D) For membrane lipid, Bacteria have ester-linked, straight chained fatty acid, whereas Archaea have ether-linked, branched isoprene-derived chains. (E) Chlorophyll-based photosynthesis is existed in Eukarya and Archaea.

3. Which statement related to Gram-negative photosynthetic bacteria is correct? (A) Cyanobacteria use hydrogen (H2) or water as photosynthetic electron donors. (B) Green sulfur and purple nonsulfur bacteria undergo oxygenic photosynthesis. (C) Aerobic photolithoautotrophs are the general metabolic type of cyanobacteria. (D) Chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins are the major photosynthetic pigments for purple sulfur bacteria. (E) Sulfur deposition is outside of purple sulfur bacteria and inside of green sulfur bacteria.

4. Microorganisms play important roles in carbon and nitrogen cycle. Please choose a correct one from the followings. (A) Nitrifying bacteria can reduce atmospheric molecular nitrogen (N2) into nitrite. (B) The anammox reaction is an aerobic reaction, in which ammonium ion is used as the terminal electron acceptor. (C) In carbon cycle, all fixed carbon can be oxidized back to CO2 again only by anaerobic respiration, but not by fermentation. (D) In the second step of nitrification, bacteria convert ammonium ion   into nitrite. (E) Microorganisms can facilitate carbon fixation in anoxic environments by chemolithoautotrophy in the absence of light.

5. Please choose a statement that is not true for microbial toxins. (A) In AB toxins, the "A" component is responsible for binding to a host cell receptor, while the "B" component has enzyme activity to cause toxicity. (B) An endotoxin is the lipopolysaccharides derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and its toxic component is the lipid A portion. (C) Aflatoxins are produced by fungi and carcinogenic to cause liver cancer. (D) Superantigens are heat-labile exotoxins and can stimulate nearly 30% of T cells to overexpress and release large amounts of cytokines without a specific antigen. (E) Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin binding to the same target as tetanus toxin.

6. Antibiotics can kill or inbibit microbial growth. Please choose a correct description. (A) Vancomycin is an inhibitor for bacterial protein synthesis, while tetracyclines inhibitor cell wall synthesis. (B) Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic and can damage bacterial cell membrane. (C) Quinolones inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase and therefore inhibit DNA replication. (D) Antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is driven by the mecA gene encoding alternative ampicillin-binding protein. (E) None of the above.

7. Which of the following is not true about the light microscopy? (A) A shorter wavelength of light can give a greater resolution. (B) An objective with a larger numerical aperture (NA) will have a smaller working distance. (C) An objective with a smaller numerical aperture (NA) will have a greater resolution power. (D) Parfocal microscopes remain in focus when objectives are changed. (E) Immersion oil can increase the refractive index between the specimen and the objective lens.

8. A new microbe has been discovered in the rumen(反芻胃) of sheep. Microscopy shows no evidence of a nuclear membrane and biochemical studies of the cell wall demonstrate the lack of peptidoglycan. Metabolic studies show that this microbe generates methane. This microbe would most likely be classified in the: (A) Domain Eukarya, Fungi (B) Domain Eukarya, Protists (C) Domain Eukarya, Protozoa (D) Domain Bacteria (E) Domain Archaea

9. All of the following statements are true except: (A) Col plasmids encode colicin which kills strains of E. coli. (B) Rfactors have genes for resistance to antibiotics and these resistance genes are often within transposons. (C) Plasmids which carry genes encoding degradative enzymes for pesticides are called metabolic plasmids. (D) All bacteriocin genes are on plasmids. (E) F factor of E. coli is both a conjugative plasmid and an episome.

10. Which of the following is MOST effective against resistant endospores? (A) 70% ethanol. (B) autoclaving. (C) chlorine. (D) pasteurization. (E) quaternary ammonium compounds.

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