13. Urea and formamide are agents that denature dsDNA by:
(A) intercalating between base pairs and disrupting van der Waals interactions.
(B) forming ionic bonds with the backbone phosphates.
(C) competing effectively with the H-bonding between the base pairs
(D) changing the pH to cause hydrolysis.
(E) None are true.

複選題9. Which of the following statements is   true  ? (A) One of the reason why the enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of citrate is called citrate synthase is because the reaction requires ATP. (B) Pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and succinyl-CoA synthase catalyze reactions that release CO2. (C) Aconitase catalyzes reaction that transforms from an achiral to chiral molecule. (D) Reactions catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase releases GTP. (E) Animals can use fat or acetate as the carbon source because they can replenish TCA cycle intermediates by anaplerotic reaction.

10. Which one is   not   a component of the plasma membrane? (A) Sphingolipid. (B) Phosphatidylcholine. (C) Triacylglycerol. (D) Sterol. (E) Glycolipids.

11. Which modification is   not   required for lipid anchor proteins? (A) Myristoyl. (B) Palmitoyl. (C) Prenyl. (D) Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol. (E) Phorphorylation.

12. Which one does   not   reduce the level of LDL? (A) Statin. (B) Arachidonic acid. (C) Lipitor. (D) Anti-PCSK9 antibody. (E) LDL receptor.

14. ATP made in glycolysis and the TCA cycle is the result of _____ phosphorylation, and NADH-dependent ATP synthesis is the result of _____ phosphorylation. (A) oxidative； substrate-level. (B) oxidative； electron. (C) substrate-level； electron. (D) substrate-level； oxidative. (E) proton-gradient； oxidative.

15. Phenylketonuria (PKU) results from a disorder of the metabolism of: (A) branched-chain amino acid. (B) glutamic acid. (C) phenylalanine. (D) cysteine. (E) dopa.

16. Adipokines are cytokines (cell signaling proteins) secreted by the adipose tissue. Which factor is   not   an adipokine: (A) Leptin. (B) Adiponectin. (C) TNFa. (D) Resistin. (E) Ghrelin.

17. Aminotransferases are enzymes that have all of the following characteristics   except  : (A) can make an α-keto acid from an α-amino acid. (B) use pyridoxal phosphate as a carrier of amino groups. (C) catalyze highly reversible reactions. (D) use ATP. (E) serum levels are used as a clinical measure of tissue damage.

18. Which amino acid is the precursor of the methyl group donor in biological methylation? (A) Tryptophan. (B) Histidine. (C) Methionine. (D) Arginine. (E) Lysine.

19. What situation is most likely to the formation of ketone bodies? (A) Starvation. (B) Diabetes not suitably controlled. (C) Intake high in lipids, low in carbohydrates. (D) All of the above. (E) None of the above.