15. What role does adenylate cyclase play in signal transduction?
(A) Activates phospholipase C
(B) Converts ATP to cAMP
(C) Produces IPs and DAG from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂)
(D) Activates protein kinase A directly
(E) Converts GTP to GDP 

1. Compare the two reaction coordinate diagrams below and select the answer that correctly describes their relationship. In eachcase, the single intermediate is the ES complex.Free energy, (A) Diagram (a) describes a strict "lock and key" model, whereas diagram (b) describes a transition-state complementarity model. (B) The activation energy for the catalyzed reaction is #5 in diagram (a) and is #7 in diagram (b). (C) The activation energy for the uncatalyzed reaction is given by #5 + #6 in diagram (a) and by #7 + #4 in diagram (b). (D) The contribution of binding energy is given by #5 in diagram (a) and by #7 in diagram (b). (E) The ES complex is given by #2 in diagram (a) and #3 in diagram (b).

2. Which one of the following amino acids is critical for glutathione to function as a redox buffer in cells? (A) Glutamate (B) Methionine (C) Glutamine (D) Cysteine (E) Serine

3. What is the primary cellular location for fatty acid biosynthesis in animal cells? (A) Golgi apparatus (B) Nucleus (C) Mitochondria (D) Cytoplasm (E) Lysosome

4. What are the two major proteins of muscle? (A) Myosin and Troponin C (B) Titin and Tropomyosin (C) Actin and Troponin T (D) Actin and Troponin A (E) Myosin and Actin

5. MRE11 enzyme requires Mn2+ for catalysis. When the enzyme lacks Mn2+, it would be referred to as the: (A) Substrate (B) Apoenzyme (C) Coenzyme (D) Holoenzyme (E) Prosthetic group

6. P/O ratio in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation is defined as: (A) Molecules of phosphate released from ATP per oxygen utilized by muscle tissue. (B) Molecules of ATP formed per two electrons flowing through the electron transport chain. (C) Pi uptake per oxygen atom by mitochondria. (D) Ratio of atoms of phosphorus to oxygen in phosphate (Pi). (E) None of the above.

7. High levels of which molecule in the liver mitochondria promote ketogenesis rather than the citric acid cycle? (A) High glucose (B) High acetyl-CoA (C) High pyruvate (D) High malonyl-CoA (E) Low NADH and high citrate

8. A scientist solved a protein structure and submitted it to the Ramachandran plot (as given). Which description of structural information is correct? (A) This protein structure is constituted of ẞ-sheets. (B) This protein structure is constituted of right-handed a-helices. (C) This protein structure is constituted of right-handed a-helices and B-sheets. (D) This protein structure is constituted of left-handed a-helices and ẞ-sheets. (E) This protein structure is constituted of an E-F hand fold.

9. Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: (A) Allows continued mitochondrial ATP formation, but halts O2 consumption. (B) Halts all mitochondrial metabolism. (C) Halts mitochondrial ATP formation, but allows continued O2 consumption. (D) Slows down the citric acid cycle. (E) Slows the conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis.

10. Which amino acids (in one-letter code) exhibit a specific UV absorption at 280 nm? (A) WYF (B) WTR (C) LKQ (D) KHF (E) AMC

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