16. Hormone X produces its effect in its target cells via the cAMP second messenger system. Which of the following will produce the greatest effect in the cell?
(A) A molecule of cAMP applied to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell.
(B) A molecule of cAMP injected into the cytoplasm of the cell.
(C) A molecule of hormone X applied to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell.
(D) A molecule of hormone X injected into the cytoplasm of the cell.
(E) A molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase injected into the cytoplasm of the cell.

12. Melatonin is a hormone produced in the pineal gland. It can be used to treat symptoms of sleep disorders and seasonal affective disorder because (A) it decreases production of serotonin. (B) it increases production of serotonin. (C) it increases production of tryptophan. (D) it activates the brainstem. (E) its peak production is normally at night.

13. If the Sun were to suddenly stop providing energy to the Earth, most ecosystems would vanish. Which of the following ecosystems would likely survive the longest after this hypothetical disaster? (A) desert (B) tropical rainforest (C) tundra (D) benthic ocean (E) grassland

14. Which sequence of blood flow can be observed in either a reptile or a mammal? (A) left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation (B) vena cava → right atrium → ventricle → pulmonary circuit (C) right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation (D) pulmonary vein → left atrium → ventricle → pulmonary circuit (E) right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle

15. Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of the cross BbTt × BBtt will have black fur and long tails? (A) 1/16 (B) 1/4 (C) 3/8 (D) 1/3 (E)1/2

17. How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10 monomers long? (A) 12 (B) 11 (C) 10 (D) 9 (E) 8

18. An interaction between individuals of different species that benefit both partners is called (A) commensalism. (B) predation. (C) exploitation. (D) mutualism. (E) ammensalism.

19. In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used? (A) use of mitochondrial DNA from adult female cells of another ewe. (B) fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate. (C) separation of an early stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a surrogate ewe. (D) isolation of stem cells from a lamb embryo and production of a zygote equivalent. (E) replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow.

20. Which of these statements about human evolution is CORRECT? (A) Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution. (B) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals. (C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. (D) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens. (E) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees.

21. Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that (A) extant terrestrial arthropods are better adapted to terrestrial life than are extant terrestrial vertebrates. (B) arthropods evolved before vertebrates did. (C) vertebrates evolved from arthropods. (D) arthropods have had more time to co-evolve with land plants than have vertebrates. (E) ancestral arthropods must have been poorly adapted to aquatic life, thus experienced a selective pressure to invade land.

22. The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that population has only a couple of MHC possibilities. Why? (A) Once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories. (B) Once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories. (C) MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II. (D) The MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways. (E) Each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits 2 for each gene.