18. Which of the following methods provides the most sensitive and accurate way of measuring and comparing mRNA levels of a set of genes expressed at relatively low levels in two different tissues.
(A) PCR
(B) Ribosome profiling
(C) ChIP-seq
(D) DNA microarray analysis
(E) RNA-seq

14.Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that necrosis__________. (A) requires the reception of an extracellular signal. (B) causes DNA to fragment. (C) causes cells to swell and burst, whereas apoptotic cells shrink and condense. (D) involves a caspase cascade. (E) all of the above

15. The following methods can separate proteins based on their mass except? (A) centrifugation (B) ion exchange chromatography (C) SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (D) gel filtration chromatography (E) native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

16. While examining the crystal structure of a membrane protein, you find several phospholipid molecules bound to the protein. You know that these lipids .(1) are thought to help stabilize many membrane proteins.(2) may enhance the crystallization of the bound membrane proteins.(3) interact specifically with the protein.(4) can have head groups of various sizes and charges depending on the protein. (A) 1,2 and 3 (B) 2,3 and 4 (C) 1, 3 and 4 (D) 1 only (E) All

17. Many cells store lipids in droplets of varying sizes. These droplets ... (A) have mostly protein-free bilayer membranes. (B) are composed primarily of charged amphiphilic lipids. (C) are produced by and released from the Golgi apparatus. (D) are enclosed by a phospholipid monolayer (instead of a bilayer). (E) mostly store cholesterol and phospholipids.

19. Epigenetics is most concerned with: (A) changes in a person's genotype resulting from environmental influences. (B) the expression of a particular gene as influenced by external inputs. (C) environmental influences on gene expression over experiential influences. (D) the heritability of genotypes that have been altered over multiple generations. (E) the DNA sequences or the chromatin structures that have been altered by external inputs.

20. An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that carries the RNA template with it to synthesize repeats at the 3'-ends of chromosomes is called: (A) DNA ligase (B) telomerase (C) DNA polymerase y (D) topoisomerase (E) DNA polymerase B

21. The steroid hormone glucocorticoid can enter cells and bind with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to regulate gene expression. Which is incotrect? (A) GR is in the cytoplasm in the absence of glucocorticoid. (B) GR is a leucine-zipper-containing transcription factor. (C) Glucocorticoid-bound GR can form a homodimer to bind to GREs. (D) GR serves as a transcription activator or inhibitor depending on the gene context. (E) GR inhibits the expression of cytokine genes by tethering other transcription factors such as AP1 and NF-kB.

22. A diverse set of proteins with conserved RNA-binding domains associate with pre-mRNAs to assist RNA processing. Which is incorrect? (A) RRM (or RBD), KH motif and RGG box are conserved RNA-binding motifs. (B) Pre-mRNAs are associated with hnRNP proteins, contributing to splicing, polyadenylation and expott. (C) To identify hnRNP proteins, first high-dose UV irradiation causes covalent cross-links to form between RNA bases and associated protein, and are recovered by oligo-dT chromatography. (D) The specific monoclonal antibodies of idcntified hnRNP proteins are used to immunoprecipitate the hnRNP proteins complex. (E) All hnRNP proteins shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm for RNA processing.

23. There are known mechanisms for translational control associated with mRNA-specific regulation； which statement is incorrect? (A) The iron-responsive element of the mRNA.provides steric hindrance to prevent the recruitment of the pre-initiation complex. (B) Maskin and Bicoid are the two mRNA-specific eIF4G-binding proteins that prevent the interaction with eIF4E. (C) The cytoplasmic-polyadenylation-element-binding protein binds to the 3' UTR of the mRNA through associations with Maskin. (D) Bicoid binds directly to the Biocoid response element Located at the 3' UTR of the mRNA. (E) Sex-lethal binds to the uridine-rich sequences located at the 3' and 5' UTRs of mRNA that inhibits translation.

複選題24. Regarding the mechanism of nuclear transport, which description is correct? (A) NLS are protein sequences rich in positively-charged amino acids such as lysine and arginine that regulate protein cargos out of the nucleus. (B) NES are oligonucleotides that direct protein cargos out of the nucleus. (C) Molecules with a size of more than 5,000 Daltons can enter freely into the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes. (D) The energy to transport macromolecules in or out of the nucleus is provided by the RAN ATPase cycle. (E) Macromolecules require karyopherins to enter or leave the nucleus.