19. The vast diversity of immunoglobulin sequences is explained by:
(A) DNA rearrangement.
(B) large sections of DNA devoted to immunoglobulin formation.
(C) susceptibility of the immunoglobulin genes to mutation.
(D) sensitivity of formed immunoglobulin proteins to environmental factors.
(E) All of the above.

34. In two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, proteins are first resolved by ______ and then by ______ (A) IEF； gel filtration (B) SDS-PAGE； affinity chromatography (C) SDS-PAGE； ion exchange (D) IEF； SDS-PAGE (E) gel filtration； SDS-PAGE

35. Which of the following statements regarding Glycolipids (such as gangliosides) is correct?1. contain oligosaccharide chains with negatively charged residues.2. constitute about 20% of the total lipid mass in the plasma membrane of neurons.3. affect the electrical environment of the membrane.4. found in the extracellular leaflet (facing away from the cytosol) in the cellular membranes. (A) 1 only (B) 2 and 4 (C) 1, 3 and 4 (D) 2 and 3 (E) All

36. Which of the following ions is the intracellular concentration typically higher than the extracellular concentration?1. Sodium 2. Potassium 3. Chloride 4. Calcium 5. Magnesium (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 5 (D) 2 and 3 (E) 4 and 5

37. Which of the following is a pump that hydrolyzes two ATP molecules per transport cycle? (A) The multidrug resistance protein (B) The Na+-K+ pump (C) The V-type ATPase (D) The Ca2+-pump (E) The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein

38. All may be RNA polymerase II promoter constituents except: (A) the core element where general transcription factors (GTFs) bind. (B) where enhancers bind transcriptional activators. (C) where silencers bind repressors. (D) a TATA box indicating the transcription start site. (E) All can be constituents.

39. The Shine-Dalgarno sequence found in prokaryotic systems resides on the ______ end of ______ and is the ______ site. (A) 3'； peptidyl-tRNA； formyl transferase (B) 5'； DNA； polymerase binding (C) 3'； rRNA； initiation factor binding (D) 5'； mRNA； ribosome binding (E) 3'； aminoacyl-tRNA； formyl methionine binding

40. The actual peptide bond-forming step in translation is referred to as ______ and is catalyzed by ______ (A) peptide bond-formation； peptidase (B) transpeptidation； transpeptidase (C) peptidyl transfer； peptidyl transferase (D) translocation； translocase (E) None of the above.

1. Which is incorrect about mRNA vaccine? (A) The mRNA can be synthesized in vitro using bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. (B) The mRNA contains 5'-cap, 5'-UTR, a coding region and 3'-UTR. (C) The negative charge of the mRNA should be neutralized by positive charge molecules for delivery. (D) The mRNA is delivered into the cytosol of cells and translated by the ribosome. (E) The mRNA will enter nuclei and integrate into chromosomes for long-term expression.

2. Which description is incorrect to transcription factors? (A) A transcription factor contains DNA binding domain and transactivation domain. (B) An acidic domain is a DNA binding domain. (C) A proline-rich domain is a transactivation domain (D) The hydroxylation in the proline residue of the transcription factor HIF-1α leads to protein degradation. (E) The leucine-zipper is a domain for dimer formation.

3. Which RNA is not transcribed by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (Pol II)? (A) Messenger RNA (B) Transfer RNA (C) Micro RNA (D) Long non-coding RNA (E) Circular RNA

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