19. Which is not the loss-of-function method to study a gene function?
(A) RNA interference
(B) Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(C) Zinc finger nuclease
(D) Gene targeting
(E) Finger printing

15. What is not the function of SDS in SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)? (A) It is a detergent. (B) It dissociates protein complexes. (C) It coats the protein surface a negative charge. (D) It destroys the disulfide bond. (E) It denatures proteins.

16. Which one of the following is not involved in steroid hormone action? (A) Cell surface receptors (B) Hormone-receptor complexes (C) Specific DNA sequences (D) Transcription activation and repression (E) Zinc fingers

17. Which technique is not used for protein structure determination? (A) X-ray crystallography (B) Circular dichroism (CD) (C) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (D)Confocal microscopy (E) Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM)

18. Which of the following is not known to be involved in transcription initiation by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II? (A) DNA helicase activity (B) DNA polymerase activity (C) Chromatin remodeling (D)Pol II pausing at about 30-50 nt downstream of the transcription start site (E) Protein phosphorylation

20. What is incorrect about reverse transcriptase (RT)? (A) Telomerase is one kind of RT. (B) It is found in retrovirus. (C) It synthesizes DNA from 3' to 5' (D) It needs a primer and template. (E) It is essential for cDNA synthesis.

21. Which of the following statements regarding Vesicle transport is incorrect? (1) Vesicle budding recruits proteins that are needed for subsequent selective vesicle targeting and fusion. (2) Clathrin coated vesicles are pinched off in a dynamin-mediated process.  (3) Vesicle transport along actin filaments is driven by myosin II. (A) (1) (B) (2) (C) (3) (D) (1) and (2) (E) (2) and (3)

22. Which of the following statements regarding Golgi apparatus is correct? (1) Each cisterna or region of the Golgi contains different protein modification enzymes.  (2) The Golgi enzymes catalyze the addition of sugars sulfate groups and the addition of phosphate groups onto cargo proteins. (3) Some Golgi-mediated modifications act as signals to direct the proteins to their final destinations within cells, including the lysosome and the plasma membrane. (A) (1) (B) (2) (C) (3) (D) (1) and (2) (E) All are correct.

23. Which of the following statements regarding extracellular vesicles (EVs) is incorrect? (A) Exosomes and microvesicles both are extracellular vesicles (EVs) but differ in their cellular origin. The exosomes bud off from the cell membrane but MVs have endocytic origin. (B) EVs contain mRNAs and miRNAs and those EV-associated mRNAs and miRNAs can be functionally transferred to recipient cells. (C) Tumor cells have been shown to exploit EVs to contribute to their progression by inactivating T lymphocytes or natural killer cells as well as promoting differentiation of regulatory T lymphocytes to suppress immune reactions. (D)Several pathogenic proteins such as prions and β-amyloid peptides have also been reported to exploit exosomes in order to propagate to other cells. (E) None is incorrect

24. Which of the following statements regarding stem cells is correct? (1) Pluripotent stem cells have the potential to become an entire organism. (2) Totipotent stem cells can form any of the three embryonic germ layers, but cannot give rise to an entire organism. (3) Multipotent cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells. (4) Totipotent, pluripotent or multipotent stem cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing asymmetrically. (A) (1) and (2) (B) (2) and (3) (C) (3) and (4) (D) (1) and (4) (E) (2) and (4)

25. Activation of the notch receptor by its ligand, delta, in neighboring cell populations defines patterns of distinct differentiated cell types among cells that have the potential to adopt the same fate. What is this process called? (A) Lateral inhibition (B) Neurulation (C) Invagination (D) Gastrulation (E) None of above