19. Which of the following is incorrect regarding the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines?
(A) Moderna vaccines are mRNA vaccines
(B) Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines are mRNA vaccines
(C) AstraZeneca vaccines are virus vector vaccines
(D) Novavax COVID-19 vaccines are mRNA vaccines
(E) Medigen COVID-19 vaccines are protein subunit vaccines.

1. Please choose one microbe that can commonly cause food-borne diseases. (A) Cryptococcus neoformans (B) Bordetella pertussis (C) Clostridium botulinum (D) Candida albicans (E) Schizosaccharomyces pombe

2. Choose a wrong statement related the fungi and protists. (A) Important zygomycota include Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus fumigatus. (B) Fungi are major decomposers of nature and can break down organic matters. (C) Histoplasmosis is a fungal lung infection, commonly caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. (D) Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. (E) Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a

3. Which of the following is true related to bacteria. (A) Mycoplasmas are stained as Gram-positive due to their thick waxy cell envelope. (B) Deinococcus radiodurans facilitates oxygenic photosynthesis using phycobilisomes that contain light-harvesting pigments. (C) Alpha-proteobacteria are the largest subgroup of proteobacteria, including the pseudomonads. (D) Acinetobacteria baunannii is one of the most common causing agents for hospital-acquired infectious diseases such as pneumonia. (E) Hemolysis is an important property to identify the genus Streptococcus, in which alpha-hemolysis is characterized by a clear zone of complete lysis in blood agar plates. parasite.

4. Which is true regarding bacterial endotoxins? (A) Produced only by Gram-positive bacteria. (B) Bacterial endotoxins are heat stable and weakly immunogenic. (C) Bacterial endotoxins cannot cause fever. (D) Bacterial endotoxins are neurotoxins that can target nerve tissue. (E) The A subunit of an endotoxin is responsible for toxic effect.

5. Choose a correct statement from a comparison of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. (A) Membrane-enclosed nucleus with nucleolus are present in both Archaea and (B) The mRNA introns are present in both Archaea and Eukarya. (C) Methanogenesis is present in both Bacteria and Archaea. (D) Nitrogen fixation is present only in Bacteria. (E) Both Archaea and Eukarya are not sensitive to chloramphenicol. Eukarya.

6. For a light microscope, a 60x objective and a 10x ocular produce a total magnification of (A) 900x (B) 750x (C) 600x (D) 70x (E) 50x

7. Which of the following is true about the uptake of nutrients in microbes? (A) Group translocation is found in Eukarya. (B) Endocytosis is found in Bacteria. (C) Facilitated diffusion needs ATP hydrolysis to provide energy. (D) ATP-binding cassette transporters are primary active transporters which use energy from proton motive force to drive transport. (E) Secondary active transporters are cotransporters which use ion gradients to cotransport substances.

8.Which of the following is not correct about bacteria? (A) Mycoplasmas lack a cell wall. (B) The nucleoid in bacteria contains chromosome and histones. (C) Most of the membranes in bacteria lack cholesterol. (D) The size of a bacterial ribosome is 708. (E) Some bacteria contain intracytoplasmic membranes to provide a larger membrane surface for greater metabolic activity.

9. Which of the following is true of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)? (A) The core polysaccharide part of LPS contributes to negative charge on cell surface. (B) The O antigen is the most conserved (constant) part of LPS. (C) It is found in the plasma membrane of gram-negative bacteria. (D) It is found in the outer membrane of gram-positive bacteria. (E) The lipid A part of LPS can act as an exotoxin.

10. Moist heat sterilization at 100℃ kills all of the following EXCEPT ________.(A) bacterial endospores (B) fungal spores (C) viruses (D) protozoa (E) slime molds

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