2. The primary cause for the decline in number of sharks and whales:
(A) pollution.
(B) habitat loss.
(C) habitat fragmentation.
(D) introduced species.
(E) over harvesting.

48. Based on the passage, which of the following factors will NOT result in fatty liver? (A) heavy alcohol use (B) low insulin sensitivity (C) obesity (D) poor diet (E) sedentary lifestyle

49. Which of the following statements CANNOT be inferred from the passage? (A) Almost one third of American adults suffer from liver cancer. (B) People with simple fatty liver often do not know that they have health problems. (C) Obese people with the variant of the PNPLA3 gene are more likely to have fatty liver disease. (D) People with NAFLD are unlikely to be high-risk populations for liver complications. (E) More and more American adults are at high risk of contracting heart disease.

50. Which of the following words is a synonym of the word, “sedentary”? (A) arbitrary (B) cautionary (C) mandatory (D) precautionary (E) stationary 

1. What type of process can produce coloration differences between a rooster and hens within one species? (A) balancing selection. (B) directional selection. (C) disruptive selection. (D) sexual selection. (E) stabilizing selection.

3. Physiological ecologists study (A) nutrient cycling and energy flow through ecosystems. (B) exchanges of materials, energy, and organisms between communities. (C) physiological and anatomical mechanisms by which organisms deal with variation in their hysical and chemical environment. (D) physiological and anatomical mechanisms by which organisms deal with variation in their social environment. (E) None of the choices are correct.

4. In many species, the females can reproduce by the process of parthenogenesis. Then why do males persist in those species? (A) defense. (B) to increase the number of offspring produced. (C) to assist in rearing of the offspring. (D) to decrease the chance of infertility. (E) to ensure genetic diversity.

5. A group of subpopulations living in spatially isolated patches connected by exchange of individuals among patches is called a (A) micropopulation. (B) megapopulation. (C) isopopulation. (D) allopopulation. (E) metapopulation.

6. The acidity of the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as (A) histones. (B) secretin. (C) TSH. (D) pepsin. (E) cholecystokinin, or CCK.

7. In which blood vessel is glucose concentration likely to vary the most? (A) coronary arteries. (B) abdominal artery. (C) hepatic vein, which drains the liver. (D) hepatic portal vessel. (E) pulmonary veins.

8. Which of the following is an example of countercurrent exchange? (A) The flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills. (B) The flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary veins. (C) The flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae. (D) The flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end of the same capillary. (E) The flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its heart.