24. What is the primary role of interferons during viral infections?
(A) Enhance viral replication
(B) Suppress immune responses
(C) Activate antiviral states in neighboring cells
(D) Facilitate viral assembly

(E) Neutralize viral particles

1. Which is incorrect regarding the relationship between an antimicrobial drug, its target, and its effect.(A) Fluconazole: fungal egrosterol synthesis & disrupting plasma membrane integrity(B) Rifampin: bacterial RNA polymerase & blocking RNA synthesis(C) Tetracycline: bacterial cell wall & disrupting cell wall integrity(D) Ciprofloxacin: bacterial DNA gyrase & blocking DNA replication(E) Gentamicin: bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit & inhibiting protein synthesis

2. Which statement is incorrect for microbial toxins?(A) Botulinum toxins can inhibit the release of neurotransmitter from nerve endings.(B) Alfatoxin B1 is the most toxic aflatoxin, which can induce liver injury and cause liver cancer in humans.(C) Cholera toxin disrupts ion transport of intestinal cells, leading to severe diahhea.(D) Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of Gram-positive bacteria.(E) Saxitoxin is a member of algal toxins (or cyanotoxins) and can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning.

3. Which is true regarding carbon and nitrogen cycles completed by bacteria?(A) Mineralization is a process in which carbon is converted into biomass become. temporarily unavailable for nutrient cycling.(B) Only archaea can form methane (CH4) from either H2 + CO2 or H2 + acetate.(C) Nitrification is an anaerobic reaction performed by the bacteria Planctomycetes to convert nitrate into N2.(D) Denitrification is two-step chemolithotropic process to convert ammonium to nitrite.(E) Nitrogenase is the enzyme that can catalyze anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox).

4. Choose a correct property from comparing Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.(A) Gas vesicles are present in Archaea and Eukarya.(B) The size of ribosomes is 80S and 70S in Bacteria and Archaea, respectively.(C) Chlorophyll-based photosynthesis is present in Bacteria and Archaea.(D) Poly-A tailing and splicing are present in Archaea and Eukarya.(E) Both Archaea and Eukarya do not contain muramic acid in their cell wall.

5. Please choose one wrong statement regarding pathogen transmission and infection? (A) In airborne transmission of pathogens, droplet nuclei are large particles (＞5 micrometer diameter) that can travel ＜ 1 meter. (B) Colonization of a microbial pathogen on or within host is not necessarily result in tissue invasion or damage. (C) Based on lethal dose 50 (LD50), bacterial strain A (LD50 = 5000) is more virulent than bacterial strain B (LD50 = 7500). (D) Intoxications are diseases that result from entry of a specific performed toxin into host. (E) Reservoir is a natural environmental location in which the pathogen normally resides.

6. Which of the following processes plays the smallest direct role in generating genetic diversity within bacterial and archaeal populations, despite potentially influencing their evolution over time?(A) Conjugation(B) Binary fission(C) Transduction(D) Mutation(E) Transformation

7. Which of the following statements about light microscopy is incorrect?(A) The resolution of a light microscope improves with the use of shorter wavelengths of light.(B) Objectives with larger numerical apertures (NA) generally provide greater resolution but have smaller working distances.(C) Immersion oil enhances resolution by increasing the refractive index between the specimen and the objective lens.(D) Parfocal microscopes require substantial refocusing when switching between objectives.(E) Numerical aperture (NA) directly influences the resolving power of a microscope.

8. Which of the following infectious agents consists of nucleic acid enclosed within a protein shell?(A) Viruses(B) Viroids(C) Prions(D) Satellites(E) Water molds

9. Which type of bacterial inclusion stores nitrogen?(A) Glycogen inclusions(B) Polyphosphate granules(C) Cyanophycin granules(D) Sulfur globules(E) Magnetosomes

10. Which component is absent in bacterial membranes but present in eukaryotic membranes?(A) Phospholipids(B) Hopanoids(C) Integral proteins(D) Lipopolysaccharides(E) Sterols

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