27. The transduction pathway that activates systemic acquired resistance in plants is initially signaled by _____.
(A) antisense RNA
(B) Pfr phytochrome
(C) salicylic acid
(D) abscisic acid
(E) red, but not far-red, light

23. The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves _____. (A) cytotoxic T cells (B) natural killer cells (C) helper T cells (D) macrophages (E) B cells 

24. The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in _____. (A) the partial pressure of oxygen (B) the partial pressure of carbon monoxide (C) hemoglobin concentration (D) temperature (E) pH

25. Hypoglycemia, or low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human, is "corrected" by a(n) _____. (A) increase in the secretion of insulin (B) increase in the secretion of glucagon (C) increase in the secretion of both insulin and glucagon (D) decrease in the secretion of both insulin and glucagon (E) increase in the secretion of thyroid hormones

26. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are _____. (A) used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest (B) used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and nonhibernating states (C) both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species (D) both standard measurements of fat metabolism in mammals (E) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state

28. The asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell, allow hybrid plants to pass on their desirable genomes intact to their offspring is called _____. (A) apomixis (B) dioecious (C) etiolation (D) phyllotaxy (E) statoliths

29. A flowering plant with a deleterious mutation in microsporogenesis would most likely _____. (A) fail to produce sepals (B) fail to produce petals (C) fail to produce anthers (D) fail to produce pollen (E) fail to produce ovules

30. In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal? (A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals (B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles (C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles (D) reptiles and mammals (E) reptiles and amphibians

31. The term homoplasy is most applicable to which of the following features? (A) the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards (B) the five-digit condition of human hands and bat wings (C) the β hemoglobin genes of mice and of humans (D) the fur that covers Australian moles and North American moles (E) the bones of bat forelimbs and the bones of bird forelimbs

32. Telomerase is an enzyme can solve the problem of replication at the ends of linear chromosomes. How does it work? (A) Repetitive sections of DNA can range from a single nucleotide to hundreds of nucleotides. Three nucleotides of smaller is a microsatellite. (B) It adds 5' cap and 3’ polyA on chromosome that resists degradation by nucleases. (C) It works like regular DNA polymerase (3'-5') except does not need DNA template strand to direct synthesis. Uses intrinsic RNA strand to synthesize GGGTTA sequence. (D) It causes specific double-strand DNA breaks and rejoins the blunt ends on both strands. (E) It adds numerous methylated GC pairs which resist hydrolysis and maintain chromosome integrity.

33. Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. It disrupts microtubule formation by binding to microtubules and accelerating their assembly from tubulin. Taxol must affect _____. (A) the formation of the chromatid assembly (B) the anaphase of the cell cycle (C) the formation of the centrioles (D) the S phase of the cell cycle (E) the formation of the mitotic spindle