30. How do we defend the commensal microbes and microorganisms that we ingest every meal?
(A) By immunity established from vaccination.
(B) By taking antibiotics.
(C) By innate immunity, including natural antimicrobial compounds, acids and enzymes to clear the microbes.
(D) By inducing adaptive immunity to kill each microbe specifically.

1. What is the usual extracellular ion source that can be used for animal cells to provide an electrochemical gradient during an active transport? (A) Potassium ion (B) Sodium ion (C) Proton (D) Bicarbonate ion

2. What will be the outcome if a cell being treated with ouabain ? (A) The cells will be maintained at isotonic condition (B) Due to drug block the voltage-dependent sodium channel, the cells will eventually shrink (C) Ouabain works on potassium leaking channel, cells will swell (D) Due to Na+-K+ pump blockade, high solutes within the cells will drive in water and cells will eventually swell and burst

3. Which of the following statement best describes the sodium pump (Na*-K+ ATPase)? (A) A major P-type transporter to adjust the imbalance of Nat and K+ concentration inside and outside the cell due to action potential (B) It pumps out 2 sodium ions in exchange of 3 potassium ions into the cytosol (C) The pump is a symporter (D) The operation of the pump is a Nat-dependent dephorsphorylation and K⁺-dependent phosphorylation

4. What defines the start and termination of a 'chemical transmission' during a process of neuronal activation? (A) Neurotransmitter release followed by transmitter uptake (B) Neurotransmitter release and then calcium channel close (C) Receptor down-regulation followed by receptor up-regulation (D) Sodium channel open followed by receptor down-regulation

5. Which is not correct about "telomere" or chromosome end? (A) longer length in young cells (B) longer length in old cells (C) higher telomerase activity in young cells (D) lower telomerase activity in old cells

6. Which is the most appropriate statement for cancer cells? (a) They grow depending on external signals. (b) They may grow in foreign organs. (c) They may grow in low nutrient. (d) They may grow in clumps in culture. (A) abc (B) abd (C) acd (D) bcd

7. Which change is often found in cancer cells? (A) loss of chromosome stability (B) gain of chromosome stability (C) activation of tumor suppressor gene (D) inactivation of oncogene

8. Which stage of the cell cycle performs separation of chromosome duplicates? (A) G1-phase (B) S-phase (C) G2-phase (D) M-phase

9. Which skin cell type is lack of nucleus? (A) keratinized cell (B) epithelium cell (C) granular cell (D) prickle cell

10. Which is not designed to "smell" in dogs? (A) brain (B) olfactory bulbs (C) olfactory receptor on nose epithelium (D) smell epithelium neurons

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