31. The term homoplasy is most applicable to which of the following features?
(A) the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards
(B) the five-digit condition of human hands and bat wings
(C) the β hemoglobin genes of mice and of humans
(D) the fur that covers Australian moles and North American moles
(E) the bones of bat forelimbs and the bones of bird forelimbs

27. The transduction pathway that activates systemic acquired resistance in plants is initially signaled by _____. (A) antisense RNA (B) Pfr phytochrome (C) salicylic acid (D) abscisic acid (E) red, but not far-red, light

28. The asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell, allow hybrid plants to pass on their desirable genomes intact to their offspring is called _____. (A) apomixis (B) dioecious (C) etiolation (D) phyllotaxy (E) statoliths

29. A flowering plant with a deleterious mutation in microsporogenesis would most likely _____. (A) fail to produce sepals (B) fail to produce petals (C) fail to produce anthers (D) fail to produce pollen (E) fail to produce ovules

30. In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal? (A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals (B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles (C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles (D) reptiles and mammals (E) reptiles and amphibians

32. Telomerase is an enzyme can solve the problem of replication at the ends of linear chromosomes. How does it work? (A) Repetitive sections of DNA can range from a single nucleotide to hundreds of nucleotides. Three nucleotides of smaller is a microsatellite. (B) It adds 5' cap and 3’ polyA on chromosome that resists degradation by nucleases. (C) It works like regular DNA polymerase (3'-5') except does not need DNA template strand to direct synthesis. Uses intrinsic RNA strand to synthesize GGGTTA sequence. (D) It causes specific double-strand DNA breaks and rejoins the blunt ends on both strands. (E) It adds numerous methylated GC pairs which resist hydrolysis and maintain chromosome integrity.

33. Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. It disrupts microtubule formation by binding to microtubules and accelerating their assembly from tubulin. Taxol must affect _____. (A) the formation of the chromatid assembly (B) the anaphase of the cell cycle (C) the formation of the centrioles (D) the S phase of the cell cycle (E) the formation of the mitotic spindle

34. Which of the following statements about plant hormones differing from hormones in animals is correct? (A) Plant hormones are synthesized from two or more different molecules. (B) Animal hormones are primarily for mating and embryonic development. (C) Plant hormones interact primarily with intracellular receptors. (D) Animal hormones are found in much greater concentration. (E) Plant hormones may travel in air or through vascular systems.  

35. Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is correct? (A) The splitting of water yields molecular carbon dioxide as a by-product. (B) The electron vacancies in P680+ are filled by electrons derived from water. (C) The ATP required for the Calvin cycle comes from reactions initiated in photosystem I. (D) Photosystem I passes electrons to the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain. (E) Cyclic electron flow also supplements the supply of ATP and NADPH.

36. Which of the following techniques uses the amino acid sequences of polypeptides to predict a protein's three-dimensional structure? (A) X-ray crystallography (B) two-dimensional electrophoresis (C) bioinformatics (D) gas chromatography mass spectrometry (E) NMR spectroscopy

37. Which one is the correct description of community ecology? (A) Testing both biotic and abiotic factors. (B) The study of interactions between organisms and their environment. (C) All members of a species in same habitat. (D) The study of how behavior contributes to the differential survival and reproduction of organisms. (E) Patterns of species change and succession.