31. What is NOT a hypothesis to explain why seed dispersal is so advantageous to plants?
(A) Competition avoidance
(B) Predator escape
(C) Colonization
(D) Indirect dispersal
(E) Directed dispersal

27. What is a major consequence for plants and animals if current predictions of global warming are accurate? (A) Rates of natural selection will increase at the same pace. (B) New continental land masses will appear. (C) Water will be more widely available for plants and animals. (D) Anticipated changes in climate will occur faster than many organisms can move or adapt. (E) Many plants and animals will become smaller.

28. Which type of plants keeps their stomata open at night, but closed in the day? (A) C3 (B) C4 (C) CAM (D) C3 and C4 (E) C4 and CAM

29. If x is the extinction rate of populations in patches per unit time and m is the rate of movement between patches, then, according to Richard Leurs, the proportion of occupied patches in a metapopulation will stabilize over time to _____. (A) x/m (B) 1 + (x/m) (C) 1 – (x/m) (D) 1/(x/m) (E) (1+x)/m(本題送分)

30. Allelopathy is _____. (A) interference competition (B) the secretion of toxins into the environment by plant roots (C) intraspecific competition (D) the transmission of viruses from deer to rabbits (E) the death of one species from diseases transferred from a second species

32. If fertilization occurs, the hormone____, which mimics the hormone _____, is produced by the_____. (A) prolactin, estradiol, anterior pituitary (B) oxytocin, estradiol, anterior pituitary (C) inhibin, progesterone, uterus (D) hCG, FSH, uterus (E) hCG, LH, placenta

33. Which of the following statements concerning excretory system is FALSE? (A) Urea can be processed by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion during the process of urine formation. (B) Kidney contributes pH balance in body fluid. (C) Ascend limb of the loop of Henle is the site for reabsorption of water. (D) Proximal tubule is the major site for reabsorption of nutrients. (E) The final concentration of the urine is determined in the collecting duct.

34. The plant hormone that inhibits growth and promotes leaf senescence is _____. (A) abscisic acid (B) auxin (C) cytokinin (D) gibberellin (E) strigolactone

35. Which of the following elements is NOT macronutrients for plants? (A) potassium (B) phosphorus (C) calcium (D) manganese (E) sulfur

36. Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called _____. (A) xylem cells (B) stomata (C) phloem cells (D) cuticle (E) upper epidermis

37. The cells which allow us to distinguish different colors are _____. (A) cones (B) rods (C) both cones and rods (D) only certain rods (E) none of the above