31. Which of the following sources of reducing equivalents is most important for steroid hormone synthesis?
(A) glycolysis
(B) tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
(C) malate shuttle
(D) fatty acid oxidation
(E) pentose phosphate pathway

27. Which of these statements best describes fruits? I. A pea pod is formed from an ovary. II. When you consume tomato, you are eating fruits that are derived from ripen ovary. III. A peach and a nut are a simple fruit that is derived from a flower. IV. A strawberry is a fruit that is derived from a single flower. V. A pineapple is a simple fruit. (A) I and II (B) II and III (C) III and IV (D) I, II, III, and IV (E) I, II, III, IV, and V

28. ______ triggers the ripening and aging of the banana, while ______ inhibits growth and seed germination during periods of drought. (A) Auxin; abscisic acid (B) Abscisic acid; ethylene (C) Ethylene; cytokinin (D) Ethylene; abscisic acid (E) Auxin; gibberellin

29. A Taiwan ecologist monitoring the number of Formosan macaque in a wildlife refuge over a 10-year period is studying ecology at which level? (A) population (B) ecosystem (C) organism (D) community (E) biosphere

30. Which of the following characteristics best describes specialized cell junction? (A) Adherens junctions but not desmosomes are the main types of anchoring junctions. (B) Gap junctions prevent the movement of molecules across cell layers. (C) Tight junctions allow direct electrical and chemical communication between cells. (D) Plasmodesmata permit direct cell-cell communication between plant cells. (E) Tight junctions are the main types of communicating junctions between cardiac muscle cells.

32. Which of the following statements about gout is true? (A) It results from the overproduction of orotic acid. (B) It can result from a deficiency in phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase. (C) It can be treated with inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. (D) It occurs more frequently in women than men. (E) The symptoms appear in early adolescence. 

33. Which of the following characteristics best describes the urea cycle? (A) All of the enzymes are localized in the cytosol of hepatocytes. (B) The enzymes are present in high concentration in the perivenous hepatocytes. (C) Arginine is the end product of the urea cycle. (D) The cleavage of argininosuccinate releases fumarate. (E) Asparagine is a substrate in the urea cycle.

34. Which of the following vitamins involves primarily in transamination reactions of amino acid metabolism? (A) Vitamin C (B) Vitamin E (C) Vitamin B6 (D) Vitamin B12 (E) Vitamin A

35. Martin and Mary have free earlobes, but their son Mark does not. If Martin and Mary have two more children, what is the probability that both will have attached earlobes? (A) 1/4 (B) 3/4 (C) 1/16 (D) 9/16 (E) 3/16

36. Which of these statements best describes stem cells? (A) Adult stem cells but not embryonic stem cells are immortal in lab culture. (B) Only embryonic stem cells are found in every tissue of the adult body. (C) Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells give rise to all the different types of cells in the organism. (D) Stem cells can be isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocytes, bone marrow, and amniotic fluid, but not from adipose tissues. (E) Cancer stem cells possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells.

37. Which order is correct according to the number of genes from big to small in the following organisms? 1. E. coli 2. Rice 3. Human sperm 4. D. melanogaster (Fruit fly) 5. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) (A) 23451 (B) 24351 (C) 34251 (D) 32415 (E) 34521