37. In this'passage, what does the word “assumed” mean?
(A)undertalcen
(B) imagined
(C) replaced
(D) amended)

33.(A)invariably

34. (A)implicitly

35.(A)for (C) radically (D)constantly) (C)providently (D) discreetly) (C) nevertheless (D) nonetheless) (B) scarcely (B) distinctly (B)hence III. Reading Comprehension: 10% (a)A longitudinal fissure separates the human brain into two distinct cerebral hemispheres, connected by the corpus callositm(The arched bridge of nervous tissue that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing communication between the right and left sides of the brain.). The sides resemble each other and each hemisphere's structure is generally mirrored by the other side. Yet despite the strong anatomical similarities, the functions of each cortical hemisphere are managed differently. For example, the lateral sulcus (any of the narrow fissures separating adjacent convolutions of the brain.) generally is longer in the left hemisphere than that in the right hemisphere. Broad generalizations are often made in popular psychology about one side or the other having characteristic labels such as "logical" for the left side or "creative" for the right. These labels need to be treated carefully; although a lateral dominance is measurable, these characteristics are in fact existent in both sides, and experimental evidence provides little support for correlating the structural differences between the sides with functional differences. The extent of any modularity, or specialization of brain ftinction by area, remains under investigation, If a specific region of the brain or even an entire hemisphere is either injured or destroyed, its functions can sometimes be assumed by a neighboring region, even in the opposite hemisphere, depending upon the area damaged and the patient's age. When injury interferes with pathways from one area to another, alternative (indirect) connections may come to exist to communicate information with detached areas, despite the inefficiencies. While functions are lateral ized, these are only a tendency. The trend across many individuals may also vary significantly as to how any specific function is implemented. The areas of exploration of this causal or effectual difference of a particular brain function includes its grogs anatomy, dendritic structure, and neurotransmitter distribution. The structural and chemical variance of a particular brain function, between the two hemispheres of one brain or between the same hemisphere of two different brains, is still being studied. Short of having undergone a hemispherectomy (removal of a cerebral hemisphere), no one is a "left-brain only" or "right-brain only" person. Brain function lateralization is evident in the phenomena of right- or lefl-handedness and of right or left ear preference, but a person's preferred hand is not a clear indication of the location of brain function. Although 95% of right-handed people have lefl-hemisphere dominance for language, 18.8% of left-handed people have right-liemisphere dominance for language function. Additionally, 19.8% of the left-handed have bilateral language functions. Even within various language ftinctions (e.g., semantics, syntax, prosody), degree (and even hemisphere) of dominance may differ.

36. Which of the following statements is true? (A)The right hemisphere and the left one of our brain have symmetric structures and their functions are similar. (B)The author thinks that the function of the right side of our brain controls creativity only, (C)The two sides of our brain share similar structures but some parts of their structures have different length. (D)There is strong evidence that two sides of our brain function differently.)

38.Which of the following statements is true? (A)Left-handed people are proven to have a powerful right brain. (B) Left-handed people are more likely to use both sides of their brains than right-handed people. (C) Nowadays, there are some doctors who removed the half side of some patients’ brains successfully, (D) Although a patient’s brain is injured, both sides of his brain exchange information efficiently.) (b) People associate memory loss and decline in cognitive functioning with aging. But one must be aware of various factors that can directly affect mental health and hence affect memory centers in the brain. Internal imbalances between various body systems, malnutrition, negligence, among other factors can lead to brain and memory issues at a young age. The brain is an organ, and arguably the one that most consumes oxygen and other nutrients for proper functioning -ranging from focus, analysis, learning new skills, space-time orientation, controlling and dealing with various, mental-emotional states, and of course - memory. In Western physiology, mental processes and emotional states are attributed directly to the brain. Hence，memory loss and brain health is achieved synthetically, through use of dietary supplements. In Chinese herbalism, certain organs are held responsible for affecting mental states, and imbalances in their functions directly affect the brain and the body as a whole. As an example, herbalists equate heart with joy, lungs with wony and sadness, the liver with anger, kidneys with fear, and the spleen to thinking. Furthermore, throughout the centuries herbalists have remained committed to the underlying philosophy that harmony must be and can be achieved naturally at all times. Hence, everything in Chinese herbalism deals with achieving the intricate balance and harmony in the human body-balance of Qi-energy and harmony between the Ying and Yang. Hence, all Chinese herbal formulas are committed to re-establishing the proper functioning of oi^gans that are related to, and hence affect the brain.

39.The main idea of the passage is_ . (A)the close relationship between memory loss and aging (B) the close relationship between many organs and human feelings (C) the influence of many factors on the functions of our brains, such as our memory loss (D) the relationship between Chinese herbalism and human organs)

40,In this passage, the word “underlving” means_. (A)fundamental (B) secondary (C) subjacent (D) explicit)

41.The Chinese herbalists believe a lot of things EXCEPT_. (A)malfunction of one oi^an affecting brain. (B) the harmony between the Ying and Yang affecting the function of certain organs (C) the concept that the brain is just like an organ (D) certain organs affecting human mental states) (c) The idea that heredity can be seen as a form of memory was entertained by several nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century biologists and was part of a Lamarckian approach to evolution. Eva Jablonka surveys these ideas, focusing especially on the best-articulated theory of heredity~as~memory, developed by the German zoologist Richard Semon during the early twentieth-century. Although his major book, The Mneme, generated interest, Semon’s ideas were criticized and eventually discarded and forgotten, as the fortunes of Lamarckism began to wane in the 1920s and 1930s, Eva Jablonka argues that today, in light of what we know about the mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance, heredity and memory can be shown to be linked at several levels of biological organization. She also suggests that Semon's observations and ideas deserve reappraisal.

42.In this passage, Eva Jablonka __ (A)held a skeptical tone toward the close relationship between heredity and memory (B) depicted how heredity and memory developed (C) admitted that Semon’s ideas were discarded in the 1920s and 1930s (D) took more optimistic attitude a bit toward the idea that hei'edity and memory can be linked)

43 .What does the word “reappraisal” mean? (A, reassess (B) reapportion (C) reshuffle (D) relinquish) (d) The psychology of learning and the philosophy of language both place enormous importance on this part of a child’s development. Another important discovery in the psychology of learning is that children in this phase use.‘compensatory play’，which is the first evidence of children trying to come to terms with their emotions. According to the psychology of learning, children transfer their emotions or an event that happened onto another object. For example, a child that has recently been scolded might be seen scolding her doll as a way of understanding how the scolding made her feel. When the child reaches 'childhood* status (7 years and up) their learning capacity is greatly increased. The psychology of learning dictates that children should be given as much structure during this period as possible, to teach the child how to interact socially. Games like hide-and-seek and board games are heavily endorsed by those who practice psychology of learning. Institutionalized games, and oi^anized sports play an important role in this stage of a child’s development. Studies in the psychology of learning show that children at this age who participate in sports are more likely to have better grades and more energy, and .are more likely to get along well with their classmates and firiends.