40. The __________ defines the physical conditions under which a species might live, in the absence of interaction with other species.
(A) functional niche
(B) realized niche
(C) principle niche
(D) fundamental niche
(E) primary niche

36. The Shannon diversity index is a measure of (A) the number of different species in a community. (B) the abundance of a species in a community. (C) the types of species found in a typical climate. (D) the number of different species and their relative abundance in a community. (E) the distribution of members of a species in a community.

37. Divergence in morphology that is a result of competition between species is termed (A) competitive exclusion. (B) resource partitioning. (C) character displacement. (D) amensalism. (E) mutualism.

38. When each female in the population mates with several males, but each male mates with only one female, the mating system is referred to as (A) polygamy. (B) polyandry. (C) polygyny. (D) monogamy. (E) harem mating.

39. Which of the following cannot be determined using a fecundity schedule combined with a life table? (A) per capital rate of increase. (B) net reproductive rate. (C) mean generation time. (D) dispersal rates. (E) geometric rate of increase.

41. A community is defined as (A) a group of organisms that all make their living in a similar way. (B) a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a defined area. (C) the portion of a defined area that supports life. (D) a group of subpopulations living in separate locations with active exchange of individuals among subpopulations. (E) an association of interacting species inhabiting a defined area.

42. ________species are those that, despite low biomass, exert strong effects on community structure. (A) Keystone (B) Cornerstone (C) Dominant (D) Prominent (E) Foundational

43. The equilibrium model of island biogeography explains diversity on islands as a balance between (A) speciation and extinction. (B) immigration and extinction. (C) speciation and emigration. (D) immigration and emigration. (E) speciation and immigration.

44. The study of the relationship between climate and the timing of ecological events is called (A) ecology. (B) phenology. (C) succession. (D) climatology. (E) life history theory.

45. In general, reptiles are considered to be a/an . (A) poikilotherm (B) homeotherm (C) endotherm (D) heterotherm (E) A and D are correct

46. El Niño events (A) occur when the Southern Oscillation index is high. (B) occur when barometric pressure is lower in the western Pacific than in the eastern Pacific. (C) include the appearance of warm currents on the Pacific coast of South America. (D) are always accompanied by La Niña events at the same time. (E) are accompanied by westward movement of the location of storm generation in the Pacific.