5. CRISPR-Cas9 is commonly used for genome editing. The "Cas9" portion of the system is:
(A) A reverse transcriptase enzyme
(B) An RNA-guided exonuclease
(C) An RNA-guided endonuclease
(D) A RNA helicase
(E) An DNA-guided endonuclease

1. Which of the following best describes the process of endocytosis? (A) The movement of large particles from inside the cell to the extracellular space. (B) The formation of a vesicle by the Golgi to transport proteins. (C) The uptake of extracellular material into the cell via vesicles. (D) The fusion of vesicles with lysosomes to degrade waste. (E) The release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles.

2. Which of the following is the key function of the trans-Golgi network (TGN)? (A) Protein synthesis (B) Protein folding (C) Sorting and sending proteins to their final destinations (e.g., lysosomes, plasma membrane) (D) Degradation of misfolded proteins (E) Detoxification of cellular waste

3. Which enzyme is responsible for sealing the nick in the sugar-phosphate backbone after a damaged nucleotide is removed and replaced? (A) DNA helicase (B) DNA polymerase (C) DNA topoisomerase (D) DNA primase (E) DNA ligase

4. Which family of proteins is central to the regulation of apoptosis by controlling mitochondrial membrane permeability? (A) Cyclins (B) Bcl-2 family (C) Histones (D) Topoisomerases (E) CAMP

6. Which one is required for the progression of G1 to S phase? (A) Phosphorylated p53 (B) Unphosphorylated p53 (C) Unphosphorylated Rb (D) Hypophosphorylated Rb (E) Hyperphosphorylated Rb

7. Which one is the driving force to M phase? (A) Cdk1-cyclin B (B) Cdk2-cyclin B (C) Cdk4-cyclin A (D) Cdk4-cyclin B (E) Cdk6-cyclin A

8. Which one is often used in flow cytometry to detect DNA synthesis? (A) BrdU (B) Insulin (C) Hydroxyurea (D) Nocodazole (E) DideoxyNTP

9. The human genome project shows about 20,000 human protein-coding genes. However, the total expressed proteins are more than 20,000. What mechanism can one gene express more than one protein? (A) Alternative splicing (B) Alternative promoter (C) Alternative poly（Ａ） signal. (D) Alternative translation initiation site (E) All mechanisms are involved.

10. In 1970, David Baltimore discovered reverse transcriptase (RT), which could flow information from RNA to DNA. Which statement is incorrect? (A) Telomerase is one kind of RT. (B) RT is found in retrovirus. (C) RT needs a primer and template. (D) RT synthesizes DNA from 3' to 5'. (E) The RT-qPCR is a method for RNA level determination.

11. All are true for translation in eukaryotic cells except: (A) transcription and translation are spatially separated. (B) mRNAs are monocistronic. (C) transcription occurs in the nucleus. (D) primary transcripts undergo processing to mature mRNAs. (E) All are true.

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