65. A cross between homozygous purple-flowered and homozygous white-flowered pea plants results in offspring with purple flowers. This demonstrates ______.
(A) a dihybrid cross
(B) dominance
(C) the blending model of genetics
(D) true breeding
(E) the mistakes made by Mendel

61. Which statement is true? (A) Plants are defined as multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs. (B) Plants are defined by their chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll a and b. (C) Plant sporophytes grow from haploid spores. (D) Charophytes and land plants share four derived traits that suggest they share a relatively recent common ancestor. (E) Charophytes are embryophytes.

62. Endosymbiosis is the event occurring in the algal evolution. Which is NOT CORRECT? (A) Cyanobacterium is included by marine animal cells in the primary endosymbiosis. (B) Genetic exchange between cyanobacterium and animal host. (C) Red algae are the old species derived from primary endosymbiosis. (D) Secondary endosymbiosis is happening again when carbon dioxide concentration is sharply declined. (E) Land plants are appearing after secondary endosymbiosis.

63. Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary history of related groups of organisms. Organisms are grouped into taxa based on shared characteristics that result from common ancestry. Identify which statement is FALSE. (A) The term monophyletic refers to a taxon. (B) A taxon includes an ancestral species and all of its descendents. (C) Homologous structures look the same and serve the same function but differ in evolutionary origin and structure. (D) Ancestral traits were present in the shared ancestor of the species within a taxon. (E) Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

64. Does the distribution of bases in monkey DNA and human DNA follow Chargaff’s rules? (A) Yes, it is because the %A + %T is greater than the %G + %C in both species. (B) Yes, it is because %A + %T does not equal %G + %C in both species. (C) Yes, it is because the %A approximately equals the %T and the %G approximately equals the %C in both species. (D) No, it is because %A is higher than %T and %G is higher than %C in both species. (E) Yes, it is because the %A + %T is lower than the %G + %C.

66. Which is correct for the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration in plants? (A) Plants respire only when they don’t photosynthesize. (B) Photosynthesis is the plant’s form of cellular respiration. (C) Because photosynthesis supplements the plant the energy under light condition, the respiration will reduce when the plant is transferred from dark condition to light condition. (D) Cellular respiration takes place only in plant roots, not throughout the plant. (E) Respiration is not only needed for energy generation in the plants, but also provides compounds for the synthesis of other metabolites that is necessary for the plant life.

67. The role of photosynthetic organisms in an ecosystem is ______. (A) reducing light and UV radiation (B) fixing organic compounds for decomposers (C) synthesize organic compounds from inorganic compounds (D) reducing temperature by transpiration (E) keep energy constant in an ecological system

68. Identify which one is FALSE. (A) Nitrogen-fixing microbes provide energy for carbon fixation. (B) Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes can assimilate nitrogen into organic compounds. (C) Nitrogen may be a limiting plant nutrient, although the atmosphere is 80% nitrogen gas (N2). (D) Bacteria obtain energy from nitrification. (E) Denitrifying bacteria obtain oxygen gas (O2) from nitrogenous compounds. 

複選題69. What is true? (A) Taste buds consist of sensory cells that act as mechanoreceptors. (B) A taste bud consists of at least one sensory receptor cell from each of the major types of taste receptors. (C) The infrared receptors of pit vipers belong to the same general class of sensory receptors as the mechanoreceptors associated with cat whiskers. (D) Tectorial cells are common to the senses of hearing and equilibrium in humans. (E) In vertebrate eyes, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy occurs most directly as the result of changes to cyclic GMP (cGMP). .

70. As discussed in the text, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has an allele that confers resistance to DDT and similar insecticides. Laboratory strains of D. melanogaster have been established from flies collected in the wild in the 1930s (before the widespread use of insecticides) and the 1960s (after 20 years of DDT use). Lab strains established in the 1930s have no alleles for DDT resistance. In lab strains established in the 1960s, the frequency of the DDT-resistance allele is 37%. Which statement below is true? (A) Some fruit flies evolved resistance to DDT in order to survive. (B) The heritable trait of DDT resistance cannot change even DDT use became widespread. (C) Fruit flies became more resistant to DDT over time. (D) When DDT was widely used, fruit flies with DDT resistance had greater evolutionary fitness than fruit flies lacking DDT resistance. (E) Alleles for DDT resistance arose by mutation during the period of DDT use because of selection for pesticide resistance.

71. Which statement about evolution is correct? (A) On November 24, 1899, Darwin published his hypothesis in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, ushering in the era of evolutionary biology. (B) Adaptation refers to an individual changing over its lifetime in response to the environment. (C) Two species that are thought to have a recent common ancestor share several homologous structures. (D) Over evolutionary time, the descendents of that ancestor have accumulated diverse modifications, or adaptations, that allow them to survive and reproduce in specific habitats. Many ancestors are co-existing in the world to make biodiversity. (E) Natural selection acts on the variant individuals that make up a community. .