65. Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microsporangia 3. microspores 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei
(A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
(B) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
(C) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
(D) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5
(E) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3

61. What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria. 2. origin of chloroplasts. 3. origin of multicellular eukaryotes. 4. origin of cyanobacteria. 5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses. (A) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 (B) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5 (C) 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 (D) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 (E) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5

62. Fossil evidence indicates that several kinds of flightless dinosaurs possessed feathers. If some of these feather-bearing dinosaurs incubated clutches of eggs in carefully constructed nests, this might be evidence supporting the claim that (A) the earliest reptiles could fly, and the feathers of flightless dinosaurs were vestigial flight surfaces. (B) all fossils with feathers are actually some kind of bird. (C) the feathers were plucked from the bodies of other adults to provide nest-building materials. (D) their feathers originally served as insulation, and only later became flight surfaces. (E) dinosaurs were as fully endothermal (warm-blooded) as modern birds and mammals.

63. Typically as cells grow, their increase in volume outpaces their increase in surface area, and continued survival requires undergoing asexual reproduction to reestablish a healthy surface area to volume ratio. Thus, which of these is LEAST likely to contribute to the ability of a single-celled foraminiferan to grow to a diameter of several centimeters? (A) Its calcium carbonate test contributes extra mass. (B) Its symbiotic algae provide glucose to the cytoplasm. (C) Its symbiotic algae absorb metabolic waste products from the cytoplasm. (D) Its symbiotic algae provide oxygen to the cytoplasm. (E) Its threadlike pseudopods dramatically increase its surface area to volume ratio.

64. Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1. embryo 2. sporophyte 3. gametes 4. protonema 5. gametophore (A) 4 → 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 (B) 4 →1 → 3 → 5 → 2 (C) 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3 (D) 4→ 5 → 3 → 1 → 2 (E) 4 → 5 → 1 → 2 → 3

66. How does the fass mutation in Arabidopsis result in a stubby plant rather than a normal elongated one? (A) Meristem identity genes produce defective transcription factors, resulting in a stubby shoot. (B) Juvenile nodes retain their juvenile status and elongated cells do not develop. (C) The cell's pattern of migration in the apical meristem is disrupted. (D) Lack of formation of the preprophase band results in random planes of cell division. (E) Cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall do not form, resulting in a shorter plant.

67. Mitochondrial DNA is primarily involved in coding for proteins needed for electron transport. Therefore in which body systems would you expect most mitochondrial gene mutations to be exhibited? (A) Circulation. (B) The skin and senses. (C) Nervous and muscular systems. (D) Excretory and respiratory systems. (E) The immune system and the blood.

68. Blood carbon dioxide levels determine the pH of other body fluids as well as blood, including the pH of cerebrospinal fluid. How does this enable the organism to control breathing? (A) The brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide. (B) The medulla is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood. (C) The brain directly measures and monitors carbon dioxide and causes breathing changes accordingly. (D) Stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla to speed up or slow breathing. (E) The medulla, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

69. How do ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis? (A) ADH monitors appropriate osmolarity by reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains osmolarity by stimulating K+ reabsorption. (B) ADH monitors appropriate osmolarity by reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains osmolarity by stimulating Cl－ reabsorption. (C) Only when they are together in the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, will reabsorption of essential nutrients back into the blood take place. (D) ADH monitors appropriate osmolarity by reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains osmolarity by stimulating Na+ reabsorption. (E) ADH and RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and RAAS removes water when it is in excess in body fluids.

70. From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds as follows: (A) first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction. (B) first cell division → cortical reaction → acrosomal reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins. (C) acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → first cell division. (D) cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → first cell division. (E) cortical reaction → acrosomal reaction → first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins.

71. Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence that occurs during the excitation and contraction of a muscle cell? 1. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex. 2. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites. 3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP. 5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane. (A) 2, 1, 3, 5, 4 (B) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5 (C) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 (D) 5, 3, 1, 2, 4 (E) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4