65. In systematics and phylogeny, which one is the correct description?
(A) A phylogenetic tree is actually a theory that depicts the evolutionary relationships among species.
(B) A paraphyletic group contains groups of species with different common ancestors.
(C) Morphology is a term that refers to similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor.
(D) Where a branching point in a phylogenetic tree is called a clade.
(E) A phylotenetic tree is then being used as a cladogram.

61. In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele? (A) 0.09 (B) 0.49 (C) 0.9 (D) 9.0 (E) 49.0

62. By karyotype analysis, a woman is found to have 47 chromosomes, including one extra X chromosome. What kind of phenotype for her is expected? (A) normal female (B) sterile female (C) enlarged genital structures (D) albino (E) color blindness

63. Which one of following statements is FALSE? (A) In a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16, each cell has eight homologous pairs. (B) An error in either egg or sperm meiotic anaphase might result in a human zygote with 45 chromosomes. (C) Single, haploid (n) sets of chromosomes in ovum and sperm unite during fertilization, forming a diploid (2n), single-celled zygote. (D) At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis. (E) If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3.

64. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in the detoxification of many poisons and drugs in liver and therefore abundant in liver cells? (A) Golgi apparatus (B) smooth ER (C) chemical (D) rough ER (E) transport vesicles

66. In animal circulatory systems, which one is the correct description? (A) Hemophilia results from a deficiency in platelets. (B) The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot mostly consists of fibrinogen. (C) Reduced levels of hemoglobin in the blood result in the condition of anemia. (D) During cellular maturation, mammalian erythrocytes lose their plasma membrane. (E) The primary function served by erythrocytes is defense against pathogens.

67. In animal digestion and absorption, which one is the correct description? (A) The small intestine releases the hormone secretin in response to acid. (B) Fats packaged in chylomicrons pass directly from epithelial cells to the bloodstream. (C) In the stomach, proteins are cleaved into amino acids by aminopeptidases. (D) All sugars are absorbed via secondary active transport. (E) In omnivores, including humans, the cecum is an important organ for digestion of cellulose.

68. In the cells of the nervous system, which one is the correct description? (A) Ionotropic receptors act by activating G proteins in target cells. (B) Metabotropic receptors act by initiating changes in second messenger systems in target cells. (C) Action potentials are typically also graded potentials. (D) Electrical synapses transmit signals using neurotransmitters. (E) Most of the cells in your brain are neurons.

69. Which one is the correct description of the invertebrates? (A) The two body forms of some Radiata is an example of alternation of generations. (B) The nervous system of a cnidarian consists of a central ganglion leading into a nerve net. (C) Scorpions do not lay eggs but rather give birth to live young. (D) All Platyhelminthes are parasitic. (E) Millipedes have a thousand legs whereas centipedes have only a hundred legs.

70. Between two genes in same chromosome, recombination frequency is 0.025. What is the distance between two genes on the linkage map? (A) 0.025 cM (B) 0.25 cM (C) 1.25 cM (D) 2.50 cM (E) 5.00 cM

71. Which one is the correct description of salt and water balance in animal? (A) Sodium and potassium ions can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer of plasma membranes. (B) Sweat has a higher salt concentration than the blood does in humans. (C) Animals that do not control internal water concentration also typically do not control the concentrations of ions like sodium and potassium. (D) Transport of salts against their concentration gradients is energetically expensive. (E) The filtrate that leaves the proximal convoluted tubule is much more concentrated than the blood in humans.