9. Which molecule acts as a negative regulator by dephosphorylating PIP₃ back to PIP₂ in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway?
(A) mTORC₂
(B) p110
(C) PTEN
(D) PDK1 Е. MАРK

1. Which feature best distinguishes a facilitated diffusion transporter from apassive ion channel? (A) Requirement for ATP hydrolysis. (B) Ability to transport solutes against their concentration gradient. (C) Saturable transport kinetics. (D) Dependence on membrane potential. (E) Coupling to a secondary ion gradient.

2. COPII vesicles are primarily responsible for protein transport: (A) From Golgi to ER. (B) From trans-Golgi to lysosomes. (C) Between Golgi cisternae. (D) From plasma membrane to early endosomes. (E) From ER to Golgi.

3. In bacteria, single polycistronic mRNA encodes for (A) a single enzyme although there are many in the metabolic pathway. (B) multiple enzymes of the particular pathway. (C) a single mRNA which is split into multiple mRNAs before translation. (D) a single peptide with multiple catabolic sites. (E) None of the above.

4. Together with ______ .______ provide(s) for genetic variability within species and, ultimately, the evolution of new species. (A) DNA repair; DNA glycosylase (B) DNA glycosylase; recombination (C) recombination; mutations (D) mutations; DNA glycosylase (E) DNA repair; mutations

5. The base in DNA that specifies the first base in the RNA transcript is called a(n)______ and is unmbered ______ .(A) promoter; -5 (B) enhancer; -35 (C) transcription start site; 0 (D) transcription start site; +1 (E) promoter complex; +5

6. Which of the following correctly pairs a cytoskeletal filament with its primary monomeric or dimeric subunit? (A) Microtubule - Actin. (B) Microfilament -Actin. (C) Microfilament - keratin or lamin. (D) Microfilament - aß-tubulin dimer. (E) Intermediate filament -- aß-tubulin dimer.

7. What is the role of cytochrome c release during intrinsic apoptosis? (A) It binds directly to pro-caspase-3, causing its activation. (B) It neutralizes IAP proteins like XIAP, freeing caspases from inhibition. (C) It released proteases from the mitochondria to cleave protein targets. (D) It permeabilizes the mitochondrial inner membrane, causing a loss of ATP production. (E) It triggers the formation of the apoptosome with APAF-1, which then activates caspase-9.

8.What is the primary mechanism of the MTT assay for assessing cell viability? (A) Detecting membrane permeability with MTT dye. (B) Measuring ATP levels within the cell population. (C) Labeling newly synthesized DNA with a thymidine analog. (D) Quantifying proteolytic fragments in response to MTT treatment. (E) Reducing the MTT dye into insoluble purple formazan in the mitochondria of living cells.

10. Which RNA molecule functions as an adaptor that links amino acids to mRNA codons during translation? (A) mRNA (B) rRNA (C) snRNA (D) tRNA (E) snoRNA

11. The vacuolar V-ATPase primarily functions to (A) generate ATP from proton gradients. (B) export protons from the cell. (C) acidify intracellular compartments. (D) maintain mitochondrial membrane potential (E) transport into the ER

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