(a) What are the differences between endocrine and paracrine signaling (5%);

(a) co-translational transport (5%) and

(b) post- translational transport (5%).

(b) How does the signaling by hydrophobic molecules like steroid hormones differ from signaling by peptide hormones? (5%)

(a) What is G protein cycle? (5%)

(b) What is the role of G protein cycle in the Ran-dependent nuclear transport of proteins? (5%)

(a) "smooth" endoplasmic reticulum and "rough" endoplasmic reticulum? (5%)

(b) What are their main functions in the cell? (5%)

(a) How carbohydrate groups of glycoprotein are added to the protein? (5%)

(b) What are the main functions of this post-translational modification? (5%)

6.The drug Taxol, extracted from the bark of yew trees, has an opposite effect to the drug chochicine, an alkaloid form autumn crocus. Taxol binds tightly to microtubules and stabilizes them when added to cells, it causes much of the free tubulin to assemble into microtubules. In contrast, chochicine prevents microtubule formation. Taxol is just as harmful to dividing cells as chochicine, and both are used as anticancer drugs. Based on your knowledge of microtubule dynamics, suggest why both drugs are toxic to dividing cells despite their opposite action. (5%)

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