三、行政院人事行政總處擬將三級機關首長之任用改為政務與常務雙軌制。請問改制之後相較於原本的制度可能會有哪些利弊得失?你覺得相關制度與其優缺,可能與行政學的那些理論學說相關?該理論學說內涵為何?試申論之。(25分)

二、請說明下面這一段話的內涵,並舉台灣的實例說明你是否同意這一段話的觀點。(25分)Facilitating inclusive citizen participation is a challenge for public managers because programs that are open to all citizens on a self-selection basis often draw unrepresentative participants. This is especially true for meetings that happen in person, such as public hearings, where attendance is often low. In comparison, the potential reach of online participation platforms might be far greater because citizens can take part at their convenience and mobile technologies allow for great flexibility. Moreover, citizens may be less intimidated by interactive platforms where they can search, select, and process information at their own pace. Online participation platforms thus have the potential to allow for more inclusive participation. 資料来源:van denBerg,A.C.,GiestS.N.,Greneveld,S.M. and Kraaij, W.(2020), Inclusivity in Online Platforms: Recruitment Strategies for Improving Participation of Diverse Sociodemographic Groups. Public Admin Rev, 80:991

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