2. In the coastal waters of Taivan, the northwand fow of the Kinoshio Curent (KC provides a continuous, year-round addition to the abundant fish resources of Taiwan, influencing the year-round oceanic regime. During the winter north-casterly monsoon period (September to April), the China Coastal Current (CCC) brings cold water from the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea into the Taiwan Strait (TS). Water circulation in the TS varies seasonally due to changes in wind direction. Furthermore, the CCC and KC are tied closely to sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the coastal waters of Taiwan. In recent years, the rate of SST increase in Taiwan waters has accelerated, and the variability has increased. The increase in SST has been accompanied by a shift in ocean currents. The mechanisms behind these changes are the decline of the CCC and the enhancement of the KC. The ocean environment changes contribute to modifications in the productivity, distribution and phenology of marine species, affecting ecosystem processes and altering food webs. (30分)

一、英翻中 1. Fish are cold-blooded animals, typically with backbones, gills, and fins, and are primarily dependent on water as a medium in which to live. Fishes are also the most numerous of the vertebrates. Best estimates are from 15,000 to 17,000 recent species. At present, more than 70 percent of the earth's surface is covered with water. For the fish, the most important aspects of water are dissolved oxygen, light penctration, temperature, toxic substances, concentrations of disease organisms, and opportunity to escape enemies. Most species of fish have relatively small home ranges to which they restrict most of their movements. However, some fishes are great travelers and seem to be continually on the move. Very mobile are   pelagic fishes   and others which often travel great distances between fresh and marine waters. Generally, a migration is a more or less continuous and direct movement from one location to another. Such movement is under the control of the fish, genetically determined, and is influenced by environmental factors. Migrations are mostly for   spawning  or feeding and are generally time oriented, although sometimes they take place when fishes actively flee adverse conditions.

3. Fishery management aims to protect and conserve fishery resources and ecosystems, and to provide a rationale for their sustainable utilization. Current fishery management tools and measures include information gathering (for example, catch production and environmental data (including salinity, ocean currents, etc.)), input controls (for example, total allowable effort and individual effort restrictions and vessel and gear restrictions, etc.), output controls (for example, total allowable catch (TAC), etc.), technical measures (e.g., marine protected area (MPAs), marine spatial planning (MSP), and size and sex selectivity restrictions), and monitoring and enforcement (vessel monitoring systems (VMSs) and voyage date recorders(VDRs)). This management tools can be expected to meet the objectives of sustainable fishery management and to respond to the challenges posed by global change. All countries around the world have specific institutions for exercising such management authority within their exclusive economic zones, and many are part of regional and international fisheries bodies and management organizations to manage shared stocks and fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdictions.

In the preamble to his 2009 book Vie de lettre, William Marx poses the guiding question of his study: "What is a lettre?" (the word is hard to translate from the French: certainly not simply someone who is literate, but not exactly a scholar or academic, much less a humanist - rather a member of the literati, someone whose life is devoted to books, maybe a 文人, but which would include a contemporary literature professor - ideally]: "Someone whose physical and intellectual existence is ordered around texts and books: living among them, living from them, employing his or her own life to make them live and, of course, to read them." You are attempting to enter this life, to become a lettre(e). This is a very strange thing to do! But what exactly does it mean? "Literati form at the same time the basis of a civilization (they guarantee its continuity) and a destructive instance, a support and a menace: they permit the constitution of an order but participate in its contestation.... Such is the true role of the practice and teaching of Jiterature today: to maintain active the double postulation of literature considered simultaneously as an expression of the real and as power of tearing away from this real; to allow oneself to be moved by these texts that have constructed our world, which are us, and at the same time are not us - or to demolish [that is, critique] them, which amounts to the same thing: we must leave open a door to negation - the difference between culture and entertainment precisely plays out here." Marx continues, "The lettre makes truth triumph against power. He Lor she] alone guarantees the exactitude of sources, the authenticity of texts, the pertinence of original context, the manner of holding closely to original intention. Other interpretations and commentaries are necessary too, but they come ofter, and if the lettre has not done his [or her] job first, these interpretations, however briliant, are meaningless..." But, he cautions, "Attention, however: scholarly reading (la lecture lettree) is also interpretation, because everything is interpretation; but it is an interpretation where the interpreter effaces him- [or her-] self as much as possible behind the text. In other words, scholarly reading is distinguished from other types of reading by a particular ethical dimension: the "I" of the interpreter is loathsome [haissable]. That there is not an ultimate truth of a given text is clear: but it is important to suppose a criterion of truth that renders certain interpretations more probable or more acceptable than others. In any case, the lettre thinks so." Or so William Marx thinks.What about you? What do you imagine the role of a literary scholar - teacher and critic - to be? Based on your exposure so far not only to the literary texts which have appealed to you (or you would not be taking this exam), but also the approaches to them by teachers and critics you have encountered, what do you consider the role of the scholar or lettre(e) to be? is it ideally neutral and self-effacing, the way Marx imagines? Or is this an old-fashioned approach we have fruitfully left behind? If you have any background so far in literary theory, how has this ideal been undermined since the "rise of theory" in the 60s and 70s? Why? If you have not had such exposure, still what do you envision being a lettre(e) will mean for you and your relation to literary texts? Is there an important difference between culture and entertainment? What is the nature of interpretation? What is the point of literary scholarship? Teaching? For that matter, what is the point of literature?

2. 對國際習慣法公認的海盜、販賣人口、滅絕種族、戰爭罪、破壞 和平等罪行，各國皆有司法管轄權。隨著國際犯罪的增多，各國 透過締結國際公約來打擊這些犯罪行為。

二、Translation (30 分)1. Major theft crimes caused by transnational, national, and regionally based criminal enterprises have a devastating impact on the U.S. economy, not only contributing to the rise of consumer prices, but also to the loss of tax revenues to states and communities.

10. 外交及領事豁免 

9. 政治庇護

8. 受刑人移交

7. 互惠原則

6. 假結婚

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