申論題

4. Consider the effects of the word in italics in each of the following examples.
(1) I am pleased to see *you*.
(2) William met Martha yesterday.
(3) When William met Martha, *she* was standing right there.
(4) I'm pleased to see *you*, John/Mr. Smith.
(5) By the way, I'm pleased to see *you*.

i. What is the cover term for these linguistic expressions? Why do we need these words in our linguistic system? (10 points)