1. A fossil that has one fourth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 is approximately _____years? (Carbon-14 half life is about 5,700 years)
(A) 1,350
(B) 2,750
(C) 11,400
(D) 16,800
(E) 22,400

47. 下列何者是生物放大效應(biological magnification)的結果？ (A) 溫室效應在南北極最明顯 (B) 許多養分已自農業用地中被移走且進入水域生態系中 (C) 某一種殺蟲劑已散佈到每一個生態系中且可在每一個生物體中發現 (D) 頂層捕食者是最易受到有毒環境化學物的傷害

48. 某一地區地上有高密度的一種樹木幼苗，在其生長成熟的過程中，數目逐漸減少且留下的成熟樹木成均勻分布。試 問造成這種結果的原因可能為何？ (A) 蟲害 (B) 種內競爭 (C) 氣候的改變 (D) 土壤養份含量不均

49. 當農夫燒掉森林後，快速生長的雜草佔據這個區域，我們會認為這些雜草是________？ (A) 受到 r-selection 篩選出來的物種 (B) 受到 K-selection 篩選出來的物種 (C) 同時受到 r-selection 及 K-selection 篩選的物種 (D) 沒有受到任何篩選

50. 下圖為人體腎臟的腎小球和鮑氏囊的放大解剖圖，則下列相關敘述，何者正確？ (A) 正常功能的腎小球中，甲、乙、丙和丁處的蛋白質含量一樣高 (B) 腎小球發炎會造成丁處的蛋白質含量增高 (C) 甲是入球小動脈，乙是出球小靜脈 (D) 甲中是充氧血，乙中是貧氧血

2. Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between ______ (A) the reproductive strategy of semelparity and iteroparity. (B) the population increaing and decreasing. (C) high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care. (D) number of reproductive females and reproductive ability. (E) the number of offspring and how long they live.

3. Which option listed in below is NOT an antipredator defensive behavior? (A) Camouflage (B) Aposematic coloration (C) Bastesian mimicry (D) Mullerian mimicry (E) Character displacement

4. Which of the following descriptions about "toxin in the environment" is INCORRECT? (A) The biological magnification is the toxin become more concentrated in trophic level of food web. (B) Chlorinated hydrocarbons has demonstrated biological magnification. (C) Some low toxic chemicals transform high toxic by exploring sunlight or microbial metabolism. (D) Chemicals released into the environment may be relatively harmless but converted to more toxic product by reaction with other substances, by exposure to light, or by the metabolism of microorganism. (E) WHO allows that DDT strictly reuse in disease vector control in 2007, so DDT is not environmental toxin anymore.

5. Which of the following descriptions about "regulating of enzyme activity in metabolism" is INCORRECT? (A) Allosteric regulation is the term used to describe any case in which a protein’s function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site. (B) An activating or inhibiting regulatory molecule binds to a regulatory site that is the simplest kind of allosteric regulation. (C) Feedback inhibition is a common mode of metabolic control. (D) Cooperativity is a type of enzyme activation, not including inhibition. (E) Cooperativity is the binding of one substrate molecule that can stimulate binding or activity at other active sites.

複選題6. Mendel used the scientific approach to indentify two laws of inheritance, which comment about "Mendelian genetics" is NOT correct? (A) Mendelian genetics includes two laws as law of segregation and law of independent assortment. (B) The law of segregation states that genes have alternative forms, or alleles. (C) The law of independnet assortment states the pair of alleles for a given gene segregates into gametes independently of the pair of alleles for any other gene. (D) Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the results of blending. (E) In heterozygotes, the two alleles are different, and the expression of two different alleles makes phenotypic effects of the other.

7. Which sex determination system is suitable for the following descriptions? There is only one type of sex chromosome, the females have two sex chromosomes, males have only one sex chromosome. Sex of the offsprings is determined by whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or no sex chromosome. (A) The X-Y system (B) The X-0 system (C) The Z-W system (D) The haplo-diploid system (E) None