1. Which of the following vitamin deficiencies is correctly paired with its associated disease?
(A) Vitamin A – Beriberi
(B) Vitamin B12 - Pernicious anemia
(C) Vitamin K - Night blindness
(D) Vitamin B1 - Impaired coagulation function

2. Which of the following is not involved in the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex? (A) Brain (B) Spinal cord (C) Sensory neurons (D) Motor neurons

3. Which of the following cell types originates from the same germ layer as nerve cells? (A) Cardiac muscle cells (B) Epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract (C) Adrenal medulla cells (D) Blood cells

4. Which of the following cell types has the most similar origin and function to macrophages? (A) Neutrophil (B) Lymphocyte (C) Microglia (D) Basophil

5. Which of the following structures in the male and female reproductive systems are homologous? (A) Scrotum – Clitoris (B) Penis - Labia majora (C) Testes Uterus (D) Bulbourethral glands - Vestibular glands

6. Which of the following statements is correct during inhalation? (A) The diaphragm relaxes and rises, and the pressure in the alveoli is higher than atmospheric pressure. (B) The diaphragm relaxes and descends, and the pressure in the alveoli is lower than atmospheric pressure. (C) The diaphragm contracts and rises, and the pressure in the alveoli is higher than atmospheric pressure. (D) The diaphragm contracts and descends, and the pressure in the alveoli is lower than atmospheric pressure.

7. Which of the following pairings between neurotransmitter imbalance and associated neurological disorders is incorrect? (A) Glutamate - Huntington's disease (B) Dopamine - Parkinson's disease (C) Serotonin - Major depression (D) Acetylcholine - Alzheimer's disease

8. Which of the following participates in smooth muscle contraction but does not participate in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle contraction? (A) Actin (B) Myosin (C) Calmodulin (D) Ca2+

9. Which of the following statements about myelin is correct? (A) Myelin is distributed on the dendrites and axons of nerve cells, providing insulation and accelerating nerve signal transmission. (B) Myelin in the peripheral nervous system is composed of Schwann cells, which accelerate action potential transmission. (C) Myelin in the central nervous system is composed of Schwann cells, which accelerate action potential transmission. (D) Myelin in the central nervous system is primarily located in the gray matter region to ensure the precision of signal transmission.

複選題10. Which of the following tissues has the highest proportion of extracellular matrix? (A) Epithelial tissue (B) Connective tissue (C) Muscle tissue (D) Cartilage tissue

11. Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells were (A) able to give rise to all tissue types, suggesting pluripotency. (B) already committed to forming neural tissues, implying early determination. (C) specialized cells that can only differentiate into a single type of tissue, indicating differentiation. (D) undifferentiated cells capable of forming a variety of cell types under specific conditions, pointing to plasticity.

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