113年 - 113 國立中興大學_學士後醫學系公費招生考試：普通生物及生化概論#119946

1.Vioxx and other prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are potent inhibitors ot the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. The inhibitory efficacy of these drugs is decreased in the presence of high substrate concentrations. These drugs are (A) allosteric regulators. (B) prosthetic groups. (C) feedback inhibitors. (D) competitive inhibitors. (E) noncompetitive inhibitors.

2. Three cells with distinct volumes and surface arcas are listed in the following table:
Based on data from the table above, which of the following statements "best" explains which cell will 10.2um3 Cell 3 27.3 um2 eliminate wastes most inefficiently? (A) Cell 1 because it has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume, which will enable it to eliminate its wastes most inefficiently. (B) Cell 2 because it has the highest ratio of surface area to volume, which will enable it to climinate its wastes most inefficiently. (C) Cell 3 because it has the smallest volume, which will cnable it to eliminate its wastes most inefficiently. (D) Cell 3 because it has the smallest surface area, which will enable it to eliminate its wastes most inefficiently.

3. Of the following events, which best describes the steps in a signal transduction pathway?

a)Tyrosine kinase receptor subunits dimerize； b) An enzyme cascade occurs, increasing of activated proteins； c) A reconfigured protein binds to DNA, altering gene expression； d) A signal molecule is bound by a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor protein； e) The receptor protcin complex phosphorylates other proteins. (A) adbec(B) adecb(C) daebc(D) deabc(E) aedcb

4.It has been reported that long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women with menopause may increase the risk of cancer, possibly because (A) Hormone opens channels in the membrane for other substances to enter (B) Hormone receptor opens channels in the nuclear envelope for cytoplasmic molecules to enter (C) Hormone enables water-soluble molecules to diffuse across membranes (D) Hormone-receptor complex regulates gene transcription in the nucleus (E) Hormone-receptor complex transfers the phosphate groups from ATP

5.Individuals with the inherited disease familial hypercholesterolemia have a very high level of cholesterol in the blood because the cholesterol can't be transported by (A) pinocytosis (B) receptor-mediated endocytosis (C) exocytosis (D) phagocytosis (E) facilitated diffusion

6. The drug cytochalasin B binds to the barbed end of actin. Which of the following events of the cell cycle in animal cells would be most likely disrupted by cytochalasin B? (A) spindle formation (B) spindle attachment to kinetochores (C) separation of sister chromatids (D) movement of chromosomes to the poles during anaphase (E) cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis

7.Which of the following statements describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I? (A) Each chromosome is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex. (B) Each chromosome is paired with a homologous chromosome. (C) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere. (D) Each chromosome consists of a single strand of DNA. (E) Sister chromatids cross over.

8. The sheep Dolly was cloned by which of the following processes? (A) isolation of stem cells from a lamb embryo and production of a zygote equivalent (B) transfer of an adult cell's nucleus into an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate (C) separation of an early-stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a surrogate sheep (D) replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow (E) the nucleus of an embryonic cell was used to replace the nucleus of an adult cell, which was incubated in a surrogate sheep

9. The insulin gene is transcriptionally expressed in certain pancreatic cells, but not in skin cells. Which statement best explains this? (A) Pancreas cells express an activator protein that binds the insulin enhancer. (B) Pancreas cells have more enhancers in the insulin gene. (C) The insulin genes in pancreatic cells and skin cells have different promoters and, therefore, they respond to different regulatory proteins. (D) Skin cells lack an enhancer in the insulin gene. (E) Skin cells lack the insulin gene.

10. What is the correct sequence in which the following occur during a primary humoral immune response? 1. helper T cell activation； 2. B cell activation； 3. plasma cell differentiation and proliferation； 4. antibody secretion； 5. presentation of antigen on class II MHC proteins (A) 5,2,1,4,3 (B) 4,5,2,1,3 (C) 4,5,3,1,2 (D) 5,2,1, 3, 4 (E) 5,1,2,3,4

11. When the admissions committee asks you questions, you hear, understand, and then reply to them. To accomplish this process, what is the correct order of the areas of the cerebral cortex that were used?

1. auditory association area

2. Wernicke's area

3. premotor area

4. primary motor area

5. primary auditory area

6. Broca's area (A) 5,1,6,2,3,4 (B) 1,5,2,6,3,4 (C) 5,1,2,6,3.4 (D) 1,5,6,2,3,4 (E) 5,1,2,6,4,3

12. Which molecule is correctly paired with its function? (A) glucocorticoids–decrease blood glucose (B) nitric oxide–increases blood flow into the penis (C) parathyroid hormone–lowers blood calcium (D) aldosterone–increases sodium excretion by kidneys (E) norepinephrine–reduces heart rate

13. Which of the following accurately characterizes evolution? (A) Evolution involves organisms evolving towards greater complexity. (B) Genetic changes occur in populations across generations. (C) Genctic drift favors the most abundant traits. (D) Individuals adapt to environmental changes over time.

14. Which observation about a population would NOT violate the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle? (A) UV radiation induces new mutations. (B) Individuals have migration. (C) Inbreeding is present. (D) Population size is very big.

15. Which of the following describes a similarity between fungi and arthropods? (A) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. (B) Both groups are predominantly autotrophs that produce their own food. (C) Both groups use chitin for support. (D) Both groups have cell walls.

16. Moss, liverwort, and hornwort cannot grow as tall individuals because (A) they don't have chlorophyll. (B) they don't develop vascular bundles to deliver water. (C) the efficiency of photosynthesis is slow. (D) their life cycle cannot make them taller.

17. What's the fundamental idea of the biological species concept proposed by Emst Mayr? (A) homology isolation (B) disruptive isolation (C) convergent isolation (D) reproductive isolation

18. Which structure/cell in angiosperm is diploid (2n)? (A) endosperms (B) pollen (C) megasporocyte (D) egg

19. Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? (A) a nonvenomous larva of a moth that moves like a venomous snake (B) a butterfly that resembles a leaf (C) a decr with fur colouring that camouflages it in the forest environment (D) a turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish ALIS

20. Which of the following biomes is characterized by low temperatures, high winds and a lack of trees? (A) tundra (B) savanna (C) grassland (D) chaparral

21. When a predator approaches the bird's nest, the bird's parents pretend to get hurt, make noise to draw attention to the predator and expose themselves to increase predation risk to protect their offspring. Such altruistic behavior is best explained by the phenomenon of (A) selfish genes (B) group selection (C) individual selection (D) kin selection MNO

22. What are some potential consequences of eutrophication? (A) increased fish population (B) loss of oxygen in water bodies (C) reduction in nutrient levels (D) improvement in water clarity

23. A virus consisting of a single strand of RNA, which is reverse transcribed into complementary DNA, is referred to as a______ .(A) protease (B) retrovirus (C) bacteriophage (D) non-enveloped virus

24. What is NOT one of the key characteristics of animals that make them become efficient consumers? (A) heterotrophs (B) flagellated gametes (C) nerve and muscle cells (D) digestive system

25. Which of the following is a role of specific transcription factors? (A) Unwind the DNA helix (B) Form pre-initiation complexes (C) Bind to response elements (D) Recruit DNA polymerase

26. How can cells with the same genes come into being unambiguously dissimilar cell types with specialized functions? By selective (A) Post-translational modification (B) Transcription (C) DNA replication (D) Translation

27. All of the following groups, when added to histones, can result in an enhanced transcription EXCEPT (A) Phosphate (B) Acetyl (C) Phenyl (D) Methyl

28. What does the binding of a probe to the membrane in a Northern blot indicate (A) The desired DNA sequence is present in the sample (B) The desired RNA sequence is present in the sample (C) The desired protein is present in the sample (D) The desired amino acid scquence is present in the sample

29. What governs the sequence by which tRNAs convey amino acids to mRNA (A) The attractivencss between an mRNA codon and an anino acid on tRNA (B) The attractiveness between an mRNA codon and a tRNA anticodon (C) The attractiveness between an mRNA anticodon and a tRNA codon (D) The attractiveness between an mRNA anticodon and an amino acid on tRNA

30. Producing 100,000 different proteins from 20,000 genes delineates (A) Alternative splicing (B) DNA repair (C) Post-translation modification (D) Elongation

31. What is the molecular event by which the operator of an operon regulates the expression of its structural gene(s)? (A) The operator codes for the repressor, which binds to the structural genes (B) The operator codcs for the repressor, which binds to the RNA polymerase (C) The operator is bound by the repressor, thereby inhibiting RNA polymerase (D) The operator is bound by the regulator gene, thereby inhibiting RNA polymerase

32. What is the best statement regarding protein folding? (A) Protein folding increases the entropy of the system, thus it follows the 2nd law of thermodynamics (B) Protein folding decreases the entropy of the system, thus it follows the 2'd law of thermodynamics (C) Protein folding increases the entropy of the system, thus it violates the 2nd law of thermodynamics (D) Protein folding decreases the entropy of the system, thus it violates the 2'd law of thermodynamics

33. A 10-year-old girl is brought by her parents to the dermatologist. She has many freckles on her face, neck, arms, and hands, and the parents report that she is unusually sensitive to sunlight. Two basal cell carcinomas are identified on her face. Based on the clinical picture, which of the following processes is most likely to be defective in this patient? (A) Removal of pyrimidine dimers from DNA by nucleotide excision repair (B) Removal of mismatched bases from the 3'-end of Okazaki fragments by a methyl-directed process (C) Repair of double-strand breaks by error-prone homologous recombination (D) Removal of uracil from DNA by base excision repair

34. During RNA synthesis, the DNA template sequence TAGC would be transcribed to produce which of the following sequences? (A) ATCG (B) CGTA (C) AUCG (D) GCUA

35. Methylation and subsequent deamination of cytosine produces what type of mutation after one round of DNA replication? (A) C-to-T transversion (B) C-to-T transition (C) G-to-A transition (D) C-to-A transversion HSING UNI

36. As a measure of quality control in translation, which component of the translation machinery is capable of proofreading and editing amino acids? (A) the ribosome (B) Aminoacyl-tR.NA synthetases (C) tRNAs (D) RNA polymerase

37. The hydrogen bonding interactions in a Watson-Crick AT base-pair involve what units in the adenine base? (A) N-1 and the amino group on C-6 (B) N-1 and N-3 (C) N-7 and the amino group on C-6 (D) N-7 and C-8

38. Splice sites in pre-mRNA are marked by two universally conserved sequences contained (A) in the middle of the intron. (B) at the ends of the exons. (C) at the ends of the introns. (D) None of the above

39. An isolate of a mutant bacterium appears to grow more slowly than the wild-type popuiation from (which it was isolated. Further studies showed that the slower growth was due to a markedly reduced DNA polymerase I activity. From this information, one would expect that this organism would also be deficient in the activity of DNA (A) excision repair. (B) recombination. (C) transcription. (D) translation.

40. Which of the following molecules can be considered a final product in the flow of genetic information within a cell? (A) DNA (B) RNA (C) Protein (D) Protein or RNA can be the final product of a gene.

41. Which of the following is not a reason for the importance of mRNA processing in eukaryotes? (A) Longevity in the cytoplasm (B) Coupling of transcription and translation (C) Turnover in the cytoplasm (D) Removal of introns

42. Of the following steps associated with translation, which does not involve hydrolysis of GTP? (A) Aminoacylation oftRNA (B) Formation of the initiation complex (C) Binding of the aminoacyl tRNA to the codon at the A site (D) Translocation of the ribosome

43. In eukaryotes, the 3' end of the mRNA is important in the initiation of translation because (A) it contains Kozak sequences that aid in initiation. (B) translation occurs in the 3' to 5' direction. (C) elF4A is attached to the 3' cnd and removes any sccondary structure that might prevent translation. (D) the 3' poly( A ) tail and PABP bind initiation factor elF4G, stabilizing the 5' end of the mRNA.

44. Which of the following statements is not true concerning peptidyI transferase? (A) It is a ribozyme having catalytic activity. (B) It catalyzes peptide bond formation. (C) It moves the ribosome, so translation continues. (D) It is associated with the large subunit of ribosomes.

45. Gene knockdown via RNAi relies on the ability of eukaryotic cells to (A) degrade target mRNAs that are complementary to introduced dsRNA. (B) induce microRNA expression under particular conditions. (C) preferentially degrade mutated mRNAs. (D) inhibit transcription of sets of genes based on the presence of distal control elements.

46. You are working with a gene associated with an essential pathway that is necessary at two time points in an organism's lifetime. With regard to gene regulation, you would expect the gene to be (A) constitutive. (B) associated with response to distinct events through induction and repression signals. (C) induced by particular signals. (D) repressed by particular signals.

47. The amount of a protein in a cell is regulated by the rate of (A) transcription of its gene. (B) translation of its mRNA. (C) degradation of the protein. (D) All of the above

48. Release of RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription appears to be the direct result of the (A) binding of TAFs to the polymerase. (B)unwinding of the DNA by helicases. (C) phosphorylation of RNA polymerase by a protein kinase. (D) removal of the nucleosome occupying the promoter site.

複選題
49. What are some diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies that affect the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex? (A) vit. B1– cheilosis, angular stomatitis (B) niacin –pellagra (C) pantothenic acid – fatigue, insomnia, depression, irritability (D) riboflavin – Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, beriberi

複選題
50. In the case of a patient with liver cirthosis who also indulges in alcohol consumption, which of the following physiological states might be observed? Which of the following statements could be correct? (A) The first step in alcohol metabolism requires pyruvate decarboxylase, and patients may benefit from additional thiamine supplementation. (B) The thiazole ring of TPP serves as the functional moiety of the coenzyme, facilitating the binding and transfer of active aldehyde. These steps do not require ATP. (C) Alcohol dehydrogenase is present in animal tissues, even though ethanol is not a primary metabolic product in animal cells. (D) Acetaldehyde and its metabolite do not pose toxicity to animals.

複選題

51. Which of the following statements about diseases associated with mitochondrial gene mutations and affected electron transport chain complexes are incorrect? (A) Leigh Syndrome causes difficulty swallowing and decreased motor abilities→only complex I (B) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy results in cardiac enlargement and degeneration→ only complex III and IV (C) Pearson Syndrome leads to sideroblastic anemia → only complex I and IV (D) Kearns-Sayre syndrome causes ophthalmoplegia and ragged red fibers →only complex I and IV and IV

複選題
52. Among the following carbohydrates, glucose transport proteins, and specific tissue cell functions, which statement is/are incorrect? (A) GLUT1 - galactose- kidney cells and intestinal epithelial cells (B) GLUT2 - fructose - intestinal and renal tubular basolateral epithelial cells, liver cells (C) GLUT4 - glucose - brain, placenta, testes (D) GLUT7 - fructose - membrane of endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells

複選題
53. In the movie "Extraordinary Measures," Harrison Ford portrays a character who admires Dr. Chen Yuan-Tong, an academician renowned for his work in solving the puzzle of Pompe discase. Pompe disease is a rare genetic disorder that causes muscle weakness that progressively worsens over time. Dr. Chen Yuan-Tong was able to solve the mystery of Pompe disease by using Lorenzo's oil. Could you identify which of the following mechanisms and deficiency enzymes are incorrect based on Pompe disease? (A) muscle-type of the glycogen phosphorylase, GSD-V (B) acid alpha-glucosidase, GSD-II (C) allows glycogen to build up to toxic levels in the lysosome (D) a deficiency in liver glycogen phosphorylase

複選題
54. Which the following descriptions of carbohydrate metabolism disorders are correct? (A) Lactose intolerance–Fermentation of lactose produces methane and hydrogen in the small intestine. (B) Galactosemia–Caused by GALT deficiency, resulting in growth retardation, liver failure, and sepsis in newborns. (C) Fructosia–A condition inherited in a dominant manner, caused by fructokinase deficiency, also known as essential fructosuria. (D) Sorbital accumulation–Manifests as cataracts, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy.

複選題
55. Palace battle dramas often depict a ritual where two people mix their blood, if it coagulates, then they are considered related. However, in scientific practice, blood types are dctermined by identifying blood antigens. Which statements are incorrect regarding blood types? (A) O type–recognized by H antigen (B) A type– galactosamine (GIcN) conjugated by galactosamine transferase on H antigen (C) B type –D-glucuronic acid (GIcA) conjugated by glucuronosyl transferases on H antigen (D) AB type– recognized by A, B and H antigen

複選題

56. Which of the following statements are incorrect in describing a biochemical process or phenomenon related to ketone bodies? (A) Legal reaction allows the testing of acetoacetate and nitroferricyanide's purple complex under acidic conditions. (B) In acute diabetic ketoacidosis, the ratio of β-hydroxybutyrate: acetoacetate=10:1 in plasma. (C)During starvation, a low ratio of NADHNAD+ inhibits the ICA cycle and increases ketone body production. (D) in the brain, one acetoacetate molecule yields two acety1 CoA molecules, resulting in 24 ATP production at the end of the TCA cycle.

複選題
57. Which statements accurately describe the physiological activity of eicosanoids in the arachidonic acid pathway? (A) Corticosteroids inhibit phospholipase A2, resulting in decreased levels of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. (B) Leukotrienes (LT) promotes the contraction of smooth muscle, contraction of airway, trachea, and small intestine, and increascs microvascular permeability, leading to edema. (C) Rofecoxib, a selective COX-II inhibitor, was withdrawn from the market due to its concurrent production of thromboxane while generating PGI2, resulting in myocardial infarction. (D) PGE2 (Prostaglandin E2) is commonly used as a labor-inducing agent in clinical practice mainly because it promotes the contraction of uterine smooth muscles, thereby initiating uterine contractions and facilitating the progression of labor.

複選題
58. Which statements regarding hyperlipidemia are incorrect? (A) Type I: Children can inherit this from their parents, and it usually presents when people are young. Type I disrupts how the body breaks down fats, leading to a severe buildup of VLDL. (B)Type Ila: Also known as familial hypercholesterolemia, this type occurs due to a ge and causes both high cholesterol and high triglycerides. Type IIb: A variation in a specific (C) Type Ⅲ: An increase in intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDI) sets type IIl apart. This type is gene causes high levels of LDL cholesterol. genetic and affects how the body breaks down lipids, causing them to build up. (D) Iype IV: This type usually leads to increased VLDL and triglycerides but normal cholesterol. The major reason is the deficiency of apoE.

複選題
59. Consider the symptoms associated with bile duct obstruction due to gallstones: patients often present with upper abdominal pain, fever, and potential inflammation. Some individuals may experience gencralized abdominal discomfort without clear localization. Based on physiological characteristics and possible biochemical mechanisms, which statements accurately explain these observations? (A) Bile acids form covalent bonds with glycine through an amide linkage, raising their pKa value and augmenting their emulsifying properties. (B) Cholesterol can undergo metabolism to produce 7α-hydroxycholesterol catalyzed by cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, a process that is expedited by elevated levels of bile acids. (C) Cholcstyranine is not a resorption resin binding to bile acid to enhance elimination. However, cholestyramine may bind to vit. A, D, E, K and inhibit their absorption. (D) Bile salts are metabolized by bacteria in the small intestine to form secondary bile acids. Oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid, a secondary bile acid, can aid in dissolving cholesterol in bile, thereby dissolving gallstones ranging from small to medium in size.

複選題

60. Which pairs of the disease correlated the hormone metabolism are correct? (A) Conn syndrome - progesterone →→aldosterone (B) Cussing syndrome - 17-a-hydroxyprogesterone →→cortisol (C) Benign prostatic hyperplasia - testosterone →→ dihydrotestosterone (D) Virilism - pregnenolone →→ 11-deoxycorticosterone

複選題
61. Which pairs of the following amino acid and its derivative are incorrect? (A) Ty– serotonin (B) Trp–dopamine (C) Arg–urea (D) Gly–hemoglobin

113年 - 113 國立中興大學_學士後醫學系公費招生考試：普通生物及生化概論#119946

試卷資訊

選擇題 (61)

申論題 (3)