10. The following items are events in a typical signaling pathway: (1) An activated transcription factor translocates into the nucleus. (2) A growth factor binds to its receptor. (3) Transcription of a specific gene is initiated. (4) A kinase cascade is triggered. In what sequence does the signaling pathway proceed? (A) (1) → (2) → (4) → (3) (B) (2) → (3) → (1) → (4) (C) (2) → (4) → (1) → (3) (D) (3) → (1) → (4) → (2) (E) (1) → (3) → (4) → (2)

13. Suppose a person begins breathing very rapidly while resting (hyperventilating), which of the following best describes how homeostasis is restored? (A) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The frontal cortex detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (B) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The hypothalamus detects the change and decreases stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby reducing the breathing rate. (C) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The hypothalamus detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (D) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (E) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate.

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